Gorgan University of Agricultural SciencesInternational Journal of Plant Production1735-68149220150220INFO00204310.22069/ijpp.2015.2043ENJournal Article20150217Gorgan University of Agricultural SciencesInternational Journal of Plant Production1735-68149220150220Coating seeds with endophytic fungi enhances growth, nutrient uptake, yield and grain quality of winter wheat171190204210.22069/ijpp.2015.2042ENG. CollaDepartment of Agriculture, Forestry, Nature and Energy, University of Tuscia, via San Camillo De Lellis snc,
01100 Viterbo, ItalyY. RouphaelDepartment of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Università 100, 80055 Portici, ItalyP. BoniniAtens Agrotecnologias Naturales S.L., 43762 La Riera de Gaia, Tarragona, Spain.M. CardarelliConsiglio per la Ricerca in Agricoltura e l'analisi dell'economia agraria, Centro di ricerca per lo studio delle
relazioni tra pianta e suolo, 00184 Roma, Italy.Journal Article20140926<span>The aim of this study was to assess whether seed coating with microbial<br /><span>consortium based on the arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus <span><em>Glomus intraradices</em><br /><span>BEG72, <span><em>Glomus mossae </em><span>and <span><em>Trichoderma atroviride </em><span>MUCL 45632 could improve<br /><span>seedling establishment, yield and grain quality (protein content and mineral<br /><span>composition) of wheat (<span><em>Triticum durum </em><span>Desf.). As a first step, a laboratory<br /><span>experiment was conducted in a growth chamber to verify the capability of seed<br /><span>coating with endophytic fungi to promote emergence and plant growth of wheat<br /><span>seedlings. Two additional experiments were carried out under open field<br /><span>conditions, to evaluate the effects of coating with beneficial fungi on SPAD index,<br /><span>chlorophyll fluorescence, yield, grain quality and mineral composition of winter<br /><span>wheat. In the growth chamber experiment, 17 days after sowing, the SPAD index,<br /><span>the number of leaves, shoot and root dry biomass of seedlings were significantly<br /><span>higher by 10.0%, 28.6%, 23.1% and 64.2%, in coated as compared to uncoated<br /><span>wheat seeds. In the open field trials, use of the uncoated seeds led to a significant<br /><span>reduction in grain yield by 24.3% and 7.7%, during the first and second growing<br /><span>season, respectively, compared to the coated seeds. Grain quality of wheat, in<br /><span>particular protein content, K, P, Fe and Zn concentrations were improved by AM<br /><span>fungi and <span><em>Trichoderma </em><span>inoculation. Uncoated wheat plants exhibited a strong<br /><span>variation of yield between the two growing cycles (2.8 and 3.6 t ha<span>-1 <span>for 2011-12<br /><span>and 2012-13, respectively) in comparison to coated seeds (3.7 and 3.9 t ha<span>-1 <span>for<br /><span>2011-12 and 2012-13, respectively). The increase in grain yield and yield stability </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span>with coating seed treatment was associated with an increased level of macro and<br /><span>micronutrient uptake, higher SPAD index and photochemical activity of PSII. The<br /><span>application of coated seeds containing <span><em>Glomus </em><span>and <span><em>Trichoderma </em><span>can improve the<br /><span>crop performance of wheat in a sustainable way</span></span></span><br /><br class="Apple-interchange-newline" /></span></span></span></span></span>Gorgan University of Agricultural SciencesInternational Journal of Plant Production1735-68149220150201Cotton reproductive and fiber quality responses to nitrogen nutrition191210204410.22069/ijpp.2015.2044ENS.B. LokhandeDepartment of Plant and Soil Sciences, 117 Dorman Hall, Box 9555, Mississippi State University, Mississippi
State, MS 39762K. Raja ReddyDepartment of Plant and Soil Sciences, 117 Dorman Hall, Box 9555, Mississippi State University, Mississippi
State, MS 39762.Journal Article20150217<span>Nutrient (N) stress affects cotton growth, primary physiological processes and<br /><span>fiber properties. This study utilized two sunlit growth chambers to compare cotton<br /><span>(cv. TM-1) responses to two levels of N nutrition imposed at the onset of flowering<br /><span>stage of development, 100 and 0% of optimum N, in plants grown under otherwise<br /><span>optimal temperature and soil moisture conditions. Flowers and bolls were tagged<br /><span>daily to estimate boll maturation period (BMP). Leaf N concentration was<br /><span>determined every four days from flowering to maturity. Plant height and main stem<br /><span>nodes were determined every four days from emergence to 25 days after treatment<br /><span>(DAT) and photosynthetic measurements were recorded weekly from 0 to 56 DAT.<br /><span>Plant and boll-component dry weights were recorded at end of the experiment.<br /><span>Fiber quality was determined in samples of lint that were grouped based on average<br /><span>leaf N concentration during the BMP. Total plant biomass was reduced 23% by N<br /><span>deficient treatment and these plants produced 14 bolls per plant as compared with<br /><span>21 bolls in N sufficient plants. Stress-induced decrease in leaf N was associated<br /><span>with linear decreases in leaf photosynthesis (r<span>2<span>=0.92) and stomatal conductance<br /><span>(r<span>2<span>=0.86). Fiber length and strength increased linearly with increase in lean N<br /><span>concentration, while fiber micronaire and uniformity declined linearly with<br /><span>increase in leaf N concentration. Among the measured fiber properties, fiber<br /><span>micronaire was the most sensitive to changes in leaf N followed by strength, length<br /><span>and uniformity. Knowledge of the functional relationship between leaf N<br /><span>concentration and a fiber property can be used to develop a fiber quality submodel<br /><span>for cotton under optimal temperature and water conditions.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /><br class="Apple-interchange-newline" /></span></span></span></span></span>Gorgan University of Agricultural SciencesInternational Journal of Plant Production1735-68149220150201Physio-agronomic performance of spring cultivars T. aestivum and T. spelta grown in organic farming system211236206310.22069/ijpp.2015.2063ENK. Zuk-GolaszewskaDepartment of Agrotechnology and Crop Management, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn,
Oczapowskiego 8, 10-719 Olsztyn, PolandT. KurowskiDepartment of Phytopatology and Entomology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Prawochenskiego
17, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland.D. ZałuskiDepartment of Plant Breeding and Seed Production, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Plac Lodzki 3,
10-724 Olsztyn, PolandM. SadowskaDepartment of Agrotechnology and Crop Management, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn,
Oczapowskiego 8, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland.J. GolaszewskiDepartment of Plant Breeding and Seed Production, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Plac Lodzki 3,
10-724 Olsztyn, Poland.Journal Article20150221<span>One of the goals of organic crop production is to grow species which combine<br /><span>traditional pro-healthy properties, innovative cultivation practices and harmony<br /><span>with the environment. Among the ancient species the spring spelt is especially<br /><span>predisposed for organic farming. In comparison with common wheat spring spelt<br /><span>has a relatively short research history on physiological analysis of growth and<br /><span>development. The objective of this study has been to compare the agronomic<br /><span>performance and growth characteristics of spring varieties of <span><em>Triticum spelta </em><span>L. and<br /><span><em>Triticum aestivum </em><span>L. cultivated in the organic farming system and sown on<br /><span>different dates. The basis for the research were data from field plot experiments<br /><span>arranged in completely randomized blocks carried out in 2010 and 2011. The<br /><span>factors were cultivars: two cultivars of <span><em>T. aestivum </em><span>(Trappe, Waluta) and two<br /><span>cultivars of <span><em>T. spelta </em><span>(Roter Sommerkolben, Speltz aus Tzaribrod) and sowing<br /><span>terms: optimal and postponed by two weeks. During the seasons there were<br /><span>assessed: weed infestation and disease resistance, leaf chlorophyll index, biometric<br /><span>measurements associated with plant morphology and yielding and nutritional value<br /><span>of grains. It was stated that cultivars of <span><em>T. spelta </em><span>are more tolerant to unfavorable<br /><span>environmental conditions than cultivars of <span><em>T. aestivum</em><span>, showing better adaptability<br /><span>to habitat conditions, when-due to the worse weather-the uptake of nutrients from<br /><span>soil can be limited, stronger competitiveness against weeds and higher tolerance to<br /><span>diseases of leaves and stems. The content of chlorophyll in spelt wheat grown in <span>organic cultivation as well as yields are very stable across years. Under<br /><span>unfavourable weather conditions during the season, spelt wheat can give yields<br /><span>which compare to yields of common wheat, but when in the favorable weather<br /><span>conditions common wheat varieties generate yields higher by 42% (cv. Trappe) up<br /><span>to 47% (cv. Waluta).</span></span></span></span><br /><br class="Apple-interchange-newline" /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /><br class="Apple-interchange-newline" /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>Gorgan University of Agricultural SciencesInternational Journal of Plant Production1735-68149220150201Depth of nitrogen fertiliser placement affects nitrogen accumulation, translocation and nitrate-nitrogen content in soil of rainfed wheat237256204610.22069/ijpp.2015.2046ENW. DuanKey Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System, Ministry of Agriculture, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China.
Crop Research Institute, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China.Y. ShiKey Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System, Ministry of Agriculture, Shandong Agricultural
University, Tai’an 271018, China.J. ZhaoAgricultural Information Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China.Zh. YuKey Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System, Ministry of Agriculture, Shandong Agricultural
University, Tai’an 271018, ChinaJournal Article20150217<span>A field experiment was conducted to examine the effects of different depths of<br /><span>nitrogen (N) fertiliser placements on N accumulation, remobilisation and NO<span>3−<span>-N<br /><span>content in soil of rainfed wheat. Nitrogen was applied on the surface (D<span>1<span>) and in<br /><span>the 10 cm (D<span>2<span>), 20 cm (D<span>3<span>) and 30 cm (D<span>4<span>) soil layers from 2010 to 2012.<br /><span>Compared with D<span>1 <span>and D<span>2<span>, D<span>3 <span>and D<span>4 <span>treatments obtained significant higher N<br /><span>distribution amounts in grain and N accumulation amounts at maturity. D<span>3 <span>and D<span>4<br /><span>treatments increased the N accumulation amount of vegetative organs at anthesis<br /><span>and at maturity. D<span>3 <span>treatment resulted in significantly higher N translocation<br /><span>amounts from vegetative organs to grains compared with D<span>1 <span>and D<span>2 <span>treatments and<br /><span>had no significant difference with D<span>4 <span>treatment. Compared with the D<span>1 <span>and D<span>2<span>, D<span>3<br /><span>and D<span>4 <span>treatments obtained significant higher NO<span>3−<span>-N contents in the 20 cm to 120<br /><span>cm soil layer at anthesis from 2011 to 2012. However, D<span>3 <span>treatment showed<br /><span>no significant differences with D<span>1 <span>and D<span>2 <span>treatments at maturity in terms of the<br /><span>NO<span>3−<span>-N contents in the 40 cm to 100 cm soil layer. D<span>4 <span>treatment produced the<br /><span>highest NO<span>3−<span>-N contents in the 40 cm to 140 cm soil layer. Grain yield, N uptake<br /><span>efficiency, apparent N recovery efficiency, N agronomic efficiency and N partial<br /><span>factor productivity were significantly increased by D<span>3 <span>and D<span>4 <span>treatments. These<br /><span>results suggest that the D<span>3 <span>treatment facilitates the best wheat production and<br /><span>highest efficiency among all treatments.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /><br class="Apple-interchange-newline" /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>Gorgan University of Agricultural SciencesInternational Journal of Plant Production1735-68149220150201Influence of mineral and organic fertilizers on yield and nitrogen efficiency of winter wheat257272204710.22069/ijpp.2015.2047ENŠ. BuráňováDepartment of Agro-Environmental Chemistry and Plant Nutrition, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural
Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czech Republic.J. ČernýDepartment of Agro-Environmental Chemistry and Plant Nutrition, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural
Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czech Republic.M. KulhánekDepartment of Agro-Environmental Chemistry and Plant Nutrition, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural
Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czech Republic.F. VašákDepartment of Agro-Environmental Chemistry and Plant Nutrition, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural
Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czech Republic.J. BalíkDepartment of Agro-Environmental Chemistry and Plant Nutrition, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural
Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czech Republic.Journal Article20150217<span>The aim of this study was to evaluate the long-term (16-years) nitrogen<br /><span>efficiency after the application of organic and mineral fertilizers at two sites<br /><span>Lukavec (S<span>1<span>) and Suchdol (S<span>2<span>) with different soil and climatic conditions in the<br /><span>Czech Republic (Central Europe) and to determine grain yield and nitrogen content<br /><span>with regard to the requirements of protein content for baking quality of wheat.<br /><span>After the application of NPK treatment the highest average values from both sites<br /><span>of grain yield (6.22 t ha<span>-1<span>), nitrogen content (2.01%) and nitrogen uptake (123.6<br /><span>kg ha<span>-1<span>) were determined, which means 78%, 26% and 121% increases compared<br /><span>to the unfertilized treatment. At the less fertile S<span>1<span>, located on Cambisol, the<br /><span>significant effect of nitrogen fertilization on yield was observed. The yield of the<br /><span>NPK treatment was by 144% higher compared to the unfertilized Control<br /><span>treatment. The limit of 11.5% of protein content for bakery wheat was not achieved<br /><span>for any of treatments at S<span>1<span>, at S<span>2 <span>for unfertilized treatment and treatments with<br /><span>organic fertilizers. Lower values of recovery efficiency of nitrogen and N inputoutput balance were found at S<span>2 <span>situated on Chernozem.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /><br class="Apple-interchange-newline" /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>Gorgan University of Agricultural SciencesInternational Journal of Plant Production1735-68149220150201Effect of controlled drainage in the wheat season on soil CH4 and N2O emissions during the rice season273290204810.22069/ijpp.2015.2048ENB. JiangAnhui Agriculture University, Hefei, Anhui, China.Sh.Y. YangAnhui Agriculture University, Hefei, Anhui, China.X.B. YangAnhui Agriculture University, Hefei, Anhui, China.Y.H. MaAnhui Agriculture University, Hefei, Anhui, ChinaX.L. ChenAnhui Agriculture University, Hefei, Anhui, ChinaH.F. ZuoAnhui Agriculture University, Hefei, Anhui, ChinaD.F. FanAnhui Agriculture University, Hefei, Anhui, ChinaL. GaoAnhui Agriculture University, Hefei, Anhui, ChinaQ. YuAnhui Agriculture University, Hefei, Anhui, China
Plant Functional Biology and Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology, Sydney, PO Box 123,
Broadway, NSW 2007, Australia.W. YangAnhui Agriculture University, Hefei, Anhui, ChinaJournal Article20150217<span>The effect of draining crop fields during the wheat season on the soil CH<span>4 <span>and<br /><span>N<span>2<span>O emissions during the rice season in this article. There were four treatments:<br /><span>traditional cultivation during the wheat season + cultivation without fertilization<br /><span>during the rice season (CK<span>1 <span>field), traditional cultivation during the wheat season +<br /><span>traditional cultivation during the rice season (CK<span>2 <span>field), draining the fields through<br /><span>shallow furrows + traditional cultivation during the rice season (CQ field) and<br /><span>draining the fields through deep furrows + traditional cultivation during the rice<br /><span>season (CS field). The results are listed as follows. (1) Draining the field through<br /><span>furrows during the wheat season significantly reduced the CH<span>4 <span>and N<span>2<span>O emissions<br /><span>during the rice season. Compared with the CK<span>1 <span>field, the total CH<span>4 <span>emissions from<br /><span>the CQ and CS fields decreased by 43.1% and 39.9%, respectively; compared with<br /><span>the CK<span>2 <span>field, the total CH<span>4 <span>emissions from the CQ and CS fields decreased by<br /><span>58.1% and 55.7%, respectively; compared with the CK<span>2 <span>field, the total N<span>2<span>O<br /><span>emissions from the CQ and CS fields decreased by 33.6% and 32.7%, respectively.<br /><span>N<span>2<span>O emissions from the CQ and CS fields caused by fertilization declined by<br /><span>44.0% and 42.9% compared with that from the CK<span>2 <span>field. (2) Draining the wheat<br /><span>field in winter changed the CH<span>4 <span>emission pattern during the following rice season.<br /><span>The daily average CH<span>4 <span>emission flux from the winter flooded CK<span>1 <span>and CK<span>2 <span>fields<br /><span>were comparable before the field sunning and after the re-flooding and the fluxes<br /><span>from the drained CQ and CS fields before the field sunning were close to that from<br /><span>the CK<span>1 <span>and CK<span>2 <span>fields but were significantly greater than that from the drained<br /><span>CQ and CS fields after the field re-flooding. (3) The soil CH<span>4 <span>emission flux was <span>significantly negatively correlated to the soil E<span>h<span>. But the correlation was weakened<br /><span>by the drainage treatment in the wheat season. In summary, draining the crop field<br /><span>in the wheat season should be an effective approach to reducing soil greenhouse<br /><span>gas emissions in the rice season.</span></span></span><br /><br class="Apple-interchange-newline" /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /><br class="Apple-interchange-newline" /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>Gorgan University of Agricultural SciencesInternational Journal of Plant Production1735-68149220150201Physiological basis of drought tolerance in potato grown under long-term water deficiency305320205010.22069/ijpp.2015.2050ENSh. ShiCollege of Agronomy, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, 010019, China.M. FanCollege of Agronomy, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, 010019, China.K. IwamaResearch Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8589, Japan.F. LiCollege of Ecology & Environmental Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, 010019 China.Z. ZhangCollege of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, 010019, China.L. JiaCollege of Agronomy, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, 010019, China.Journal Article20150217<span>Coping with water shortages without compromising tuber yield is a major<br /><span>challenge for potato (<span><em>Solanum tuberosum </em><span>L.) production in northern China. In this<br /><span>study, we used three potato cultivars with different sensitivities to drought to<br /><span>evaluate the effect of long-term drought stress on morphological and physiological<br /><span>characteristics under field conditions during three growing seasons (2009-2011).<br /><span>Our aim was to identify the specific drought tolerance traits of the potato cultivars<br /><span>to enable their cultivation in arid and semi-arid regions. Our results show that the<br /><span>drought-tolerant cultivars had higher tuber yields under conditions of drought due<br /><span>an increased number of tubers per hill and increased individual tuber weight.<br /><span>Compared with the drought-sensitive cultivar Neishu no. 7, the drought-tolerant<br /><span>cultivars Kexin no. 1 and Konyu no. 3 had stronger root systems and a higher<br /><span>capacity for water absorption at later developmental stages and a higher leaf<br /><span>relative water content, which conferred enhanced water retention under drought<br /><span>conditions. Moreover, the levels of superoxide radical and hydrogen peroxide were<br /><span>lower and the activities of antioxidative enzymes, including superoxide dismutase,<br /><span>peroxidase and catalase, were higher in the drought-tolerant cultivars under<br /><span>drought stress conditions. These combined characteristics allowed the cultivars to<br /><span>exhibit different levels of water deficiency. The above agro-morphological and<br /><span>physiological parameters could be used as a basis for breeding potato varieties with<br /><span>enhanced drought tolerance.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /><br class="Apple-interchange-newline" /></span></span></span>Gorgan University of Agricultural SciencesInternational Journal of Plant Production1735-68149220150201Nitrogen yield and nitrogen use of chickpea compared to pea, barley and oat in Central Europe291304204910.22069/ijpp.2015.2049ENR.W. NeugschwandtnerBOKU - University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Department of Crop Sciences, Division of
Agronomy, Konrad Lorenz-Str. 24, 3430 Tulln, Austria.H. WagentristlBOKU - University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Department of Crop Sciences, Experimental
Farm Groß-Enzersdorf, Schlosshoferstr. 31, 2301 Groß-Enzersdorf, Austria.H.-P. KaulBOKU - University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Department of Crop Sciences, Division of
Agronomy, Konrad Lorenz-Str. 24, 3430 Tulln, AustriaJournal Article20150217<span>European agriculture suffers from a substantial deficit of protein sources for<br /><span>livestock and the projected changes in agro-climatic conditions in Central Europe<br /><span>include a higher risk of drought. To address these challenges, the drought resistant<br /><span>legume crop chickpea was compared with pea, barley and oat regarding its nitrogen<br /><span>(N) yield, protein yield and N use and utilization efficiency under Central<br /><span>European growing conditions. The two year trial was conducted in eastern Austria<br /><span>with calcium ammonium nitrate or the depot fertilizer Basacote® Plus 6M at two<br /><span>levels of N rate each besides an unfertilized control. In 2006, chickpea had the<br /><span>lowest grain yield and grain N yield among the four crops while under drought<br /><span>conditions in 2007 chickpea attained a higher grain protein yield that surpassed<br /><span>those of barley and oat. Under both, the more humid conditions in 2006 and the<br /><span>drier weather in 2007, chickpea maintained a constant partial factor N use<br /><span>efficiency (PFNUE: grain yield per unit fertilizer N) and a consistently high N<br /><span>utilization efficiency (NUtE: grain yield per unit N in the above-ground dry matter)<br /><span>for grain production whereas these parameters were severely decreased by drought<br /><span>with pea, barley and oat. Results indicate that chickpea could be an alternative in a<br /><span>future more dry climate for achieving a reasonable protein yield in Central Europe<br /><span>through its ability to maintain high PFNUE and NUtE under conditions of drought.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /><br class="Apple-interchange-newline" /></span>