Gorgan University of Agricultural SciencesInternational Journal of Plant Production1735-68149120131026Improving field establishment of safflower in soils infected by Phytophthora drechsleri and Pythium ultimum116186210.22069/ijpp.2013.1862ENA. MirzaiianCollege of Plant production, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, P.O. Box 386,
Gorgan, Iran.M. PahlevaniCollege of Plant production, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, P.O. Box 386,
Gorgan, Iran.H. SoltanlooCollege of Plant production, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, P.O. Box 386,
Gorgan, Iran.S.E. RazaviCollege of Plant production, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, P.O. Box 386,
Gorgan, Iran.Journal Article20131030One of the major field constraints to seed production in safflower has proven to<br />be soil born pathogens, Phytophthora drechsleri and Pythium ultimum. In order to<br />evaluate the efficiency of a field-laboratory selection method to improve resistance<br />of safflower against soil born pathogens, Ph. drechsleri and P. ultimum, a two-year<br />investigation was conducted. The results showed that selection is an efficient<br />method for increasing resistance to seed and seedling death caused by<br />Phytophthora and Pythium in safflower. Selection could have improved<br />germination percent, days to 50% germination, percent of undamaged seedlings<br />and index of disease percent when genotypes were faced with both pathogens.<br />Regarding kind of damages, Pythium caused more seed rot and Phytophthora<br />induced more seedling death. It could be concluded that selection for resistance to<br />Pythium, could also increase resistance to Phytophthora. Safflower was, however,<br />more susceptible to Phytophthora than Pythium. Also, genes for resistance to seed<br />rot are different than those controlling resistance to seedling death, so preemergence<br />damping off should be considered a completely independent trait from<br />post-emergence damping off in safflower. It was concluded that used fieldlaboratory<br />selection method could well improve resistance of safflower to<br />pathogens Phytophthora and Pythium and hence seed yield.https://ijpp.gau.ac.ir/article_1862_78fce4270817c22a047b0bd27f72b5c6.pdfGorgan University of Agricultural SciencesInternational Journal of Plant Production1735-68149120150101Effect of irrigation interval and water salinity on growth of vetiver (Vetiveria zizanioides)1738186410.22069/ijpp.2015.1864ENM. GhotbizadehIrrigation Department, Shiraz University, Shiraz, I.R. of Iran.A.R. SepaskhahIrrigation Department, Shiraz University, Shiraz, I.R. of Iran.Journal Article20140125<span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 11pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;">The purpose of the present study was to investigate the limits of irrigation<br /><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 11pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;">water salinity and soil water content for growth inhibition of vetiver. Moreover,<br /><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 11pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;">different models were studied to describe the root water uptake and plant top<br /><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 11pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;">growth under salinity and water stresses in a pot experiment. Irrigation treatments<br /><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 11pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;">consisted of three irrigation intervals (3, 6 and 9-day). The salinity levels of the<br /><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 11pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;">irrigation water were 0.8 (tap water), 10, 20 and 30 dS m<span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 6pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;">-1<span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 11pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;">. It is concluded that by<br /><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 11pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;">enforcing salinity and increasing its level up to 30 dS m<span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 6pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;">-1<span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 11pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;">, no significant decline<br /><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 11pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;">in the top dry matter (TDM) has been observed. However, in the salinity level of<br /><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 11pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;">30 dS m<span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 6pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;">-1 <span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 11pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;">increasing of soil water stress caused TDM to decrease. The maximum<br /><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 11pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;">amount of leaf area index (LAI) was observed at water salinity level of 0.8 dS m<span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 6pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;">-1<br /><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 11pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;">and as the salinity increased, it decreased. However, at different water salinity<br /><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 11pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;">levels, the reduction of LAI was not significant. Moreover, the results showed<br /><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 11pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;">that the water stress did not have significant effects on reduction of LAI<br /><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 11pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;">separately, while the water salinity did. The thresholds of water salinity and<br /><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 11pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;">irrigation intervals for affecting vetiver's root were between 20 and 30 dS m<span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 6pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;">-1 <span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 11pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;">and<br /><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 11pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;">6 days (80% soil available water depletion), respectively. Moreover, the<br /><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 11pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;">threshold values of soil salinity were 13.8 dS m<span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 6pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;">-1 <span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 11pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;">for top and 19.4 dS m<span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 6pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;">-1 <span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 11pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;">for root<br /><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 11pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;">growth. Then, it can be concluded that the top growth is more sensitive to the<br /><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 11pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;">water salinity, than the root one. Therefore, in terms of economic, if using root is<br /><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 11pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;">more substantial, root production would be more beneficial. The growth<br /><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 11pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;">reduction per unit increase in soil salinity for top growth and root growth are 2%<br /><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 11pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;">and 3% per dS m<span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 6pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;">-1<span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 11pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;">, respectively. Therefore, top and root growth affected<br /><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 11pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;">similarly by increasing the soil salinity. Relative yield response factor to water<br /><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 11pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;">stress was 0.472 that showed the vetiver resistance to soil water stress. It is "> <span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 11pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;">indicated that the root water uptake coefficient (α) was predicted accurately after<br /><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 11pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;">considering the results and comparing different models. Furthermore, the<br /><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 11pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;">estimated values of <span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPS-ItalicMT; font-size: 11pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>α </em><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 11pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;">predicted the shoot dry weight accurately. However,<br /><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 11pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;">Homaee and Feddes method is preferred for estimation of TDM</span></span></span><br style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;" /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;" /><br class="Apple-interchange-newline" /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>https://ijpp.gau.ac.ir/article_1864_772834dd08cdc67608653761b4947e27.pdfGorgan University of Agricultural SciencesInternational Journal of Plant Production1735-68149120150101Ideal desiccation periods of Urochloa ruziziensis for a no-till sunflower crop3950186510.22069/ijpp.2015.1865ENP.R.F. GiancottiDepartment of Biology Applied to Agriculture, Faculty of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences (FCAV/UNESP),
Jaboticabal, BrazilM.P. NepomucenoDepartment of Biology Applied to Agriculture, Faculty of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences (FCAV/UNESP),
Jaboticabal, BrazilP.L.C.A. AlvesDepartment of Biology Applied to Agriculture, Faculty of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences (FCAV/UNESP),
Jaboticabal, BrazilM.S. YamautiDepartment of Biology Applied to Agriculture, Faculty of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences (FCAV/UNESP),
Jaboticabal, BrazilJournal Article20141025> <span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 11pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;">Sowing crops following cover crops on forage may cause injuries and<br /><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 11pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;">productivity reduction, due reasons as allelopathy or glyphosate residues. The<br /><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 11pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;">objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of differing periods between<br /><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 11pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;">cover crop (<span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPS-ItalicMT; font-size: 11pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>Urochloa ruziziensis</em><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 11pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;">) desiccation with glyphosate and sunflower<br /><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 11pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;">(Aguará 4) sowing in a no-tillage system on crop development and productivity.<br /><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 11pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;">Two assays were performed in two seasons, one in pots and the other in a field.<br /><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 11pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;">Treatments in field assay consisted on 5 desiccation times of <span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPS-ItalicMT; font-size: 11pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>U. ruziziensis </em><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 11pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;">(with an<br /><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 11pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;">application of glyphosate at 1.08 kg ae ha<span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 6pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;">-1<span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 11pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;">) preceding the sowing of no-till<br /><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 11pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;">sunflower (0, 3, 7, 10 and 30 days). At the pot assays, 6 times were studied: 0, 3, 7,<br /><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 11pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;">10, 15 and 20 days between cover crop desiccation and sunflower sowing. A<br /><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 11pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;">control without cover crop was also included in this assay. Biometric evaluations<br /><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 11pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;">were performed at the vegetative stage and at harvest. As the period between<br /><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPS-ItalicMT; font-size: 11pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>U. ruziziensis </em><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 11pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;">desiccation and sunflower sowing was shortened, achene production<br /><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 11pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;">in sunflower was exponentially reduced. Glyphosate application at 3 or 0 days<br /><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 11pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;">pre sowing diminished sunflower development and achene production by<br /><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 11pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;">approximately 30% compared to desiccation periods greater than 7 days.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;" /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>https://ijpp.gau.ac.ir/article_1865_b15034bd6c3fc30da8a11175fa602491.pdfGorgan University of Agricultural SciencesInternational Journal of Plant Production1735-68149120150101Nitrogen management strategies for maize production systems: Experimental data and crop modeling5174186610.22069/ijpp.2015.1866ENT.A. AmaralSmallholder Cropping Systems Program, SPAF, Federal University of Pelotas, UFPEL, Pelotas, RS, Brazil.C.L.T. AndradeEmbrapa Maize and Sorghum, Rod. MG 424, Km 45, Zona Rural, P.O. Box 151, ZIP Code 35702-098, Sete
Lagoas, MG, BrazilG. HoogenboomAgWeatherNet, Washington State University, 24106 North Bunn Road, Prosser, Washington, 99350-8694, USA.D.F. SilvaAssistant Professor, UNIFEMM, Sete Lagos, MG, Brazil.A. Garcia Y GarciaDepartment of Agronomy and Plant Genetics, University of Minnesota, Southwest Research & Outreach Center 23669 130th Street Lamberton, MN 56152, USA.M.A. NoceEmbrapa Maize and Sorghum, Rod. MG 424, Km 45, Zona Rural, P.O. Box 151, ZIP Code 35702-098, Sete
Lagoas, MG, Brazil.Journal Article20141025<span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 11pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;">Maize (<span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPS-ItalicMT; font-size: 11pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>Zea mays </em><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 11pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;">L.) is an important crop among Brazilian smallholder farmers,<br /><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 11pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;">who are also responsible for 40% of the poultry and egg production in the country.<br /><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 11pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;">Although poultry litter is considered a potential pollutant, if properly stabilized and<br /><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 11pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;">distributed in the field it can be used as a source of nitrogen for maize production.<br /><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 11pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;">In this study, the response of maize to mineral fertilizer and poultry litter as source<br /><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 11pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;">of nitrogen was evaluated and the results were then used to parameterize a processbased model. For both sources of nitrogen used in the second trial the average<br /><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 11pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;">observed yield was higher than the average yield obtained by farmers during the<br /><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 11pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;">preceding years, indicating that there is a potential for improvement of maize yield<br /><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 11pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;">in the region. A rate of 195 kg ha<span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 6pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;">-1 <span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 11pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;">of nitrogen as poultry litter provided a slightly<br /><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 11pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;">higher yield than a rate of 145 kg ha<span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 6pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;">-1 <span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 11pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;">of nitrogen as mineral fertilizer. After<br /><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 11pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;">adjustments in the CSM-CERES-Maize cultivar-specific coefficients the model<br /><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 11pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;">satisfactorily simulated maize anthesis, physiological maturity and yield. Poultry<br /><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 11pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;">litter has the potential to be an alternative source of nitrogen for maize production<br /><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 11pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;">in smallholder farms. The CSM-CERES-Maize model properly simulated maize<br /><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 11pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;">growth, development and yield for both, mineral fertilizer and poultry litter sources<br /><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 11pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;">of nitrogen.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;" /><br class="Apple-interchange-newline" /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>https://ijpp.gau.ac.ir/article_1866_9a60cba8021e48836b7b038db60388c7.pdfGorgan University of Agricultural SciencesInternational Journal of Plant Production1735-68149120150101Nitrogen management strategies for smallholder maize production systems: Yield and profitability variability7598186710.22069/ijpp.2015.1867ENT.A. AmaralSmallholder Cropping Systems Program, SPAF, Federal University of Pelotas, UFPEL, Pelotas, RS, Brazil.C.L.T. AndradeEmbrapa Maize and Sorghum, Rod. MG 424, Km 45, Zona Rural, P.O. Box 151, ZIP Code 35702-098, Sete
Lagoas, MG, BrazilJ.O. DuarteEmbrapa Maize and Sorghum, Rod. MG 424, Km 45, Zona Rural, P.O. Box 151, ZIP Code 35702-098, Sete
Lagoas, MG, BrazilJ.C. GarciaEmbrapa Maize and Sorghum, Rod. MG 424, Km 45, Zona Rural, P.O. Box 151, ZIP Code 35702-098, Sete
Lagoas, MG, Brazil.A. Garcia Y GarciaDepartment of Agronomy and Plant Genetics, University of Minnesota, Southwest Research & Outreach Center 23669 130th Street Lamberton, MN 56152, USAD.F. SilvaAssistant Professor, UNIFEMM, Sete Lagos, MG, Brazil.W.M. AlbernazMinas Gerais State Extension Service, Emater-MG, Sete Lagoas, MG, BrazilG. HoogenboomAgWeatherNet, Washington State University, 24106 North Bunn Road, Prosser, Washington, 99350-8694, USA.Journal Article20141025<span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 11pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;">Maize (<span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPS-ItalicMT; font-size: 11pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>Zea mays </em><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 11pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;">L.) production requires large amounts of nitrogen (N) that<br /><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 11pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;">directly affect production cost. Poultry litter can be used as an alternative source of<br /><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 11pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;">N. To optimize its use, poultry litter requires technical and economic feasibility<br /><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 11pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;">analyses. Crop simulation models have proven to be efficient tools to support this<br /><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 11pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;">type of research. The objectives of this study were to determine yield and net return<br /><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 11pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;">of maize production fertilized with both mineral fertilizer and poultry litter. High<br /><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 11pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;">inter-annual variation was observed in simulated yield for all fertilization strategies<br /><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 11pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;">evaluated. The higher the mineral N rate, the higher the yield. Among the treatments<br /><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 11pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;">fertilized with poultry litter the highest yield was obtained with a rate equivalent to<br /><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 11pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;">240 kg ha<span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 6pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;">-1 <span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 11pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;">of N. The trend of the economic net return for the different rates of<br /><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 11pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;">mineral fertilizers was in the opposite direction of the trend in yield, i.e., the higher<br /><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 11pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;">the rate of mineral fertilizer, the lower the economic return. Among the poultry litter<br /><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 11pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;">fertilization strategies, the average economic net return increased up to a rate<br /><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 11pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;">equivalent to 210 kg ha<span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 6pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;">-1 <span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 11pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;">of N, decreasing for higher rates. Poultry litter rates<br /><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 11pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;">equivalent to 120 to 300 kg ha<span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 6pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;">-1 <span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 11pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;">of N, economically exceeded all the mineral<br /><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 11pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;">fertilization strategies that were evaluated. Among all sources and rates, the highest<br /><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 11pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;">net return was obtained for a rate of 210 kg ha<span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 6pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;">-1 <span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 11pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;">of N as poultry litter. Higher rates<br /><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 11pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;">provided a lower net return and increased the likelihood of nitrate leaching.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;" /><br class="Apple-interchange-newline" /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>https://ijpp.gau.ac.ir/article_1867_50dfd0ddd77e5849e72b982e43ca8241.pdfGorgan University of Agricultural SciencesInternational Journal of Plant Production1735-68149120150101Seed yield and oil quality of perennial castor bean in a Mediterranean environment99116187110.22069/ijpp.2015.1871ENU. AnastasiDipartimento di Scienze delle Produzioni Agrarie e Alimentari (DISPA), Università degli Studi di Catania, Via
Valdisavoia 5, 95123 Catania (Italy).O. SortinoDipartimento di Scienze delle Produzioni Agrarie e Alimentari (DISPA), Università degli Studi di Catania, Via
Valdisavoia 5, 95123 Catania (Italy).S.L. CosentinoDipartimento di Scienze delle Produzioni Agrarie e Alimentari (DISPA), Università degli Studi di Catania, Via
Valdisavoia 5, 95123 Catania (Italy).C. PatanèCNR-Istituto per la Valorizzazione del Legno e delle Specie Arboree (IVALSA), UOS di Catania, Via P. Gaifami
18, 95126 Catania (Italy)Journal Article20141028ewline"> <span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 11pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;">Castor (<span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPS-ItalicMT; font-size: 11pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;"><em>Ricinus communis </em><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 11pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;">L.) is an oilseed species, which in southern Italy is<br /><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 11pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;">cultivated as annual during the spring-summer period under irrigation, but in most<br /><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 11pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;">temperate areas such as those of eastern coast of Sicily, it could be grown as semiperennial with no irrigation, by the adoption of autumnal sowings. A field<br /><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 11pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;">experiment was conducted in southeastern Sicily with the aim of assessing plant<br /><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 11pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;">surviving, seed yield and oil quality of four castor genotypes originating from<br /><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 11pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;">different geographical areas (two Sicilian, one Tunisian and one Brazilian). The<br /><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 11pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;">favorable climatic conditions allowed the plant to survive during the fall-winter<br /><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 11pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;">period. Seed yield reached 3.45 t ha<span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 6pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;">-1 <span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 11pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;">on average of the two years and seed oil<br /><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 11pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;">content ranged from 45% (Tunisian cultivar) to 48% (‘Local RG 2’ Sicilian<br /><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 11pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;">genotype). Oil yield reflected the variation in seed yield. Genetic diversity for fatty<br /><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 11pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;">acid composition and saponification number, iodine value and cetane number was<br /><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 11pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;">evidenced. When ricinoleic acid is not taken into account, the oil of all genotypes<br /><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 11pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;">satisfied the EU standards for biodiesel. The ricinoleic acid was the lowest (79%)<br /><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 11pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;">in the Sicilian ‘Local RG 2’ and the highest (89%) in the Tunisian one, revealing a<br /><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 11pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;">greater suitability of oil of the first genotype for biodiesel. In turn, the oil of<br /><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 11pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;">Tunisian genotype could be exploited in other bio-based industrial sectors. The<br /><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 11pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;">study also demonstrated that in the southeastern coast of Sicily autumnal sowings<br /><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 11pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;">might be advantageous for castor grown as semi-perennial crop, mainly since they<br /><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 11pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;">allow saving irrigation water.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;" /></span></span></span></span></span>https://ijpp.gau.ac.ir/article_1871_3e1b815d11069aac7ed778feb2332669.pdfGorgan University of Agricultural SciencesInternational Journal of Plant Production1735-68149120150101Wheat and barley seed system in Syria: How diverse are wheat and barley varieties and landraces from farmer’s fields?117150186910.22069/ijpp.2015.1869ENZ. BishawSeed Section, ICARDA, P.O. Box 5466, Aleppo, SyriaP.C. StruikCenter for Crop Systems Analysis, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands.A.J. G Van GastelHarspit 10, 8493KB, Terherne, the Netherlands.Journal Article20141025"> <span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 11pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;">The present study described the diversity of wheat and barley varieties and<br /><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 11pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;">landraces available in farmer’s fields in Syria using different indicators. Analysis<br /><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 11pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;">of spatial and temporal diversity and coefficient of parentage along with<br /><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 11pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;">measurements of agronomic and morphological traits were employed to explain the<br /><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 11pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;">diversity of wheat and barley varieties or landraces grown by farmers in Syria.<br /><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 11pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;">Farm level surveys showed low spatial diversity of wheat and barley where only a<br /><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 11pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;">few dominant varieties occupied a large proportion of wheat and barley areas. The<br /><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 11pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;">five top wheat varieties (ACSAD 65, Cham 1, Cham3, Lahan and Cham 6)<br /><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 11pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;">occupied 81% of the wheat area and were grown by 78% of the sample farmers. In<br /><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 11pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;">case of barley one single landrace was grown in almost the entire survey area in<br /><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 11pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;">north eastern Syria. The weighted average age of wheat varieties was highest with<br /><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 11pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;">an average of 10.8 years showing low temporal diversity by farmers. In Syria bread<br /><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 11pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;">wheat showed lower average diversity and weighted diversity than durum wheat.<br /><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 11pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;">Variance component analysis showed significant variations for desirable<br /><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 11pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;">agronomic characters such as plant height, grain yield and yield components<br /><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 11pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;">(kernels per spike<span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 6pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;">-1<span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 11pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;">, seed weight) among wheat and barley varieties and landraces.<br /><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 11pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;">The principal component analysis explained the variations that existed among<br /><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 11pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;">modern varieties and landraces. Cluster analysis based on agronomic and<br /><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 11pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;">morphological traits grouped the modern varieties and landraces into separate<br /><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 11pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;">clusters. The variation that existed among the landraces showed broad<br /><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 11pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;">opportunities for using in plant breeding programs to develop varieties suitable for <span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 11pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;">different agro-ecological zones. To date large areas previously grown to traditional<br /><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 11pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;">varieties and landraces are now increasingly replaced by contiguous expanse of<br /><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 11pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;">land planted to uniform modern bread and durum wheat varieties and are grown by<br /><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 11pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;">large number of farmers. Apart from the landraces, the wild relatives and<br /><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 11pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;">progenitors of both wheat and barley are being threatened by extinction in the<br /><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 11pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;">center of origin.</span></span></span></span></span><br style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;" /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;" /></span></span></span>https://ijpp.gau.ac.ir/article_1869_7566ee7383c5043e17e45f7c4afbaf1f.pdfGorgan University of Agricultural SciencesInternational Journal of Plant Production1735-68149120150101Assessment of impact of climate change on potato and potential adaptation gains in the Indo-Gangetic Plains of India151170187010.22069/ijpp.2015.1870ENS. Naresh KumarCentre for Environment Science and Climate Resilient Agriculture, Indian Agricultural Research Institute,
New Delhi 110012.P.M. GovindakrishnanCentral Potato Research Institute, Shimla, IndiaD.N. SwarooparaniCentre for Environment Science and Climate Resilient Agriculture, Indian Agricultural Research Institute,
New Delhi 110012Ch. NitinDepartment of Remote Sensing, Banasthali University, Rajasthan, India.J. SurabhiCentre for Environment Science and Climate Resilient Agriculture, Indian Agricultural Research Institute,
New Delhi 110012.P.K. AggarwalClimate Change and Food Security, CGIAR Challenge Programme, International Water Management Institute, New Delhi, India.Journal Article20141025<span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 11pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;">India is the second largest producer of potato in the world. The Indo-Gangetic<br /><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 11pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;">plains (IGP) is the main potato growing region accounting for almost 85% of the<br /><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 11pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;">1.8 Mha under the crop in India where it is grown as an irrigated crop during the<br /><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 11pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;">winter season. Since IGP is in sub-tropical plains, duration of the thermally suitable<br /><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 11pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;">window is the main determinant limiting yields. Hence the impact of climate<br /><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 11pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;">change on potato in the IGP was assessed using MIROC HI.3.2 A1b and B1,<br /><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 11pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;">PRECIS A1b, A2, B2 scenarios and estimated the potential adaptation gains. The<br /><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 11pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;">potato crop duration in the IGP is projected to decrease due to climate change. The<br /><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 11pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;">evapotranspiration (ET) is projected to increase while the water use efficiency<br /><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 11pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;">(WUE) for potato yield is projected to decline in future climates as a consequence<br /><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 11pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;">of low threshold temperatures for decline in WUE and yield than the ET. Results<br /><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 11pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;">indicate that the upper threshold for ET decrease is ~23 <span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 6pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;">o<span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 11pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;">C while that for WUE is<br /><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 11pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;">15 <span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 6pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;">o<span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 11pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;">C. The optimal temperatures for tuber yield is ~17 <span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 6pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;">o<span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 11pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;">C and thus the reduction in<br /><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 11pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;">WUE in future climates is discernable. Climate change is projected to reduce<br /><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 11pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;">potato yields by ~2.5, ~6 and ~11% in the IGP region in 2020 (2010-2039), 2050<br /><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 11pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;">(2040-2069) and 2080 (2070-2099) time periods. Change in planting time is the<br /><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 11pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;">single most important adaptation option which may lead to yield gains by ~6% in<br /><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 11pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;">2020 and its combination with improved variety or additional nitrogen may be <span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 11pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;">required to adapt to climate change leading to positive gains by ~8% in 2020 and<br /><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 11pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;">by ~5% even in 2050. However, in 2080 adoption of all the three adaptation<br /><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 11pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;">strategies may be needed for positive gains. Intra-regional differences in the impact<br /><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 11pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;">of climate change and adaptation gains are projected; positive impact in northwestern IGP, gains in Central IGP with adaptation and yield loss in eastern IGP<br /><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; font-size: 11pt; color: #000000; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal;">even with adaptation.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;" /><br class="Apple-interchange-newline" /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>https://ijpp.gau.ac.ir/article_1870_80d01fa75da06a0a4de668b4e62f1f4d.pdf