ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
INFO
https://ijpp.gau.ac.ir/article_1718_16090b6b02779d162ec58bc03c8c2de4.pdf
2014-08-01
0
0
10.22069/ijpp.2014.1718
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Interactions among leguminous trees, crops and weeds in a no-till alley cropping system
Trees improve the soil quality and their rapid growth in the tropics make
agroforestry systems potentially effective for establishing low-input agricultural
systems in this region. This study assessed the effects of the biophysical
interactions among leguminous trees, weeds, cotton and maize in an alley cropping
system. The experiment comprised six treatments: Clitoria + Gliricidia; Acacia +
Gliricidia; Leucaena + Clitoria; Leucaena + Acacia; Leucaena + Gliricidia and
Control and four replicates in randomised blocks. Cotton and maize were sown
among the legumes. We analysed Ca, Mg, K, P and potential acidity and we
measured the pH using CaCl2 in the soil. Weeds were collected from within a
square 0.5 m on a side in the cotton area. The application of the residues affected
only the levels of Ca and Mg of the soil. The residues did not produce any
differences in the density and richness of the weed species. The sensitivity of some
crops to the allelopathic effects induced by the tree residues is evident mainly in
root growth, in nutrient uptake and in the growth of the shoot. The results presented
here support the view that the criteria for the choice of tree species for agroforestry
systems must go well beyond the potential to enhance soil fertility to obtain the
best results from agroforestry systems.
Keywords: Allelopathy; Cotton; Leguminous residue; Maize; Weed.
https://ijpp.gau.ac.ir/article_1719_3de34834108cef844800c6fc10334a2d.pdf
2014-08-01
441
456
10.22069/ijpp.2014.1719
E.G.
Moura
egmoura@elo.com.br
1
Programa de Pós-Graduação em Agroecologia, Universidade Estadual do Maranhão, São Luís, Brazil.
LEAD_AUTHOR
E.S.
Marques
2
Programa de Pós-Graduação em Agroecologia, Universidade Estadual do Maranhão, São Luís, Brazil.
AUTHOR
T.M.B.
Silva
3
rograma de Pós-Graduação em Agroecologia, Universidade Estadual do Maranhão, São Luís, Brazil.
AUTHOR
A.R.
Piedade
4
rograma de Pós-Graduação em Agroecologia, Universidade Estadual do Maranhão, São Luís, Brazil.
AUTHOR
A.C.F.
Aguiar
5
Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência Animal, Centro de Ciências Agrárias e Ambientais, Universidade Federal do Maranhão, Chapadinha, Brazil.
AUTHOR
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Developing scenarios to assess sunflower and soybean yield under different sowing dates and water regimes in the Bekaa valley (Lebanon): Simulations with Aquacrop
In a semi-arid environment, the main challenge for crop production is water
limitation in space and in time. Considered as appropriate tools, models are used to
evaluate the effects of water deficit on crop productivity for better irrigation
planning and sustainable yield. The AquaCrop model was tested using data
collected during a 4-year experiment on soybean (Glycine max L. Merril) and
sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) in the Bekaa Valley of Lebanon. The model was
found to accurately simulate final crop biomass, yield and cumulative
evapotranspiration: in fact the Wilmot index of agreement (IoA) values were
0.97, 0.96 and 0.96, respectively, for soybean and 0.93, 0.95 and 0.93, respectively,
for sunflower, while the relative RMSE was 0.04, 0.05 and 0.02, respectively,
for soybean and 0.04, 0.06 and 0.04, respectively, for sunflower. The analysis of
irrigation scenarios showed that the early planting of sunflower could demonstrate
a greater efficiency than late sowing. In addition, applying three irrigations, of
100 mm each, prior to flowering, at mid flowering stage and at the beginning of
seed formation could lead to highest yields (ranging between 4.51 and 2.34 t ha-1)
and crop water productivity (CWP) (ranging between 1.5 and 0.78 kg m-3).
Sunflower yields were low (0.42 t ha-1 to 0.37 t ha-1) and unreliable when one
single irrigation was performed only at the beginning of seed formation, while
highest values (ranging between 1.97 and 1.74 t ha-1) were obtained when it was
done prior to flowering. The highest yields and crop water productivity for soybean
were obtained when the crop was sown in April and by applying three irrigations, of 100 mm each, at full bloom, at seed enlargement and at mature seeds. Soybean
yield values ranged between 3.16 and 2.01 t ha-1, while CWP values varied from
1.05 to 0.67 kg m-3. However, irrigating at seed enlargement and mature seeds, as
well as applying only one irrigation of 100 mm at any growth stage, could lead to
very low yields and CWP.
Keywords: Crop modelling; Deficit irrigation; Glycine max L. Merril; Helianthus
annuus L.; Water productivity.
https://ijpp.gau.ac.ir/article_1720_5af48a7ec1f7fb3d95ef0bfc4ff590d5.pdf
2014-08-01
457
482
10.22069/ijpp.2014.1720
M.T.
Abi Saab
1
Lebanese Agricultural Research Institute, P.O. Box 90-1965, Fanar, Lebanon.
AUTHOR
R.
Albrizio
rossella.albrizio@cnr.it
2
National Research Council of Italy, Institute for Agricultural and Forestry Systems in the Mediterranean (CNR–ISAFOM), Via Patacca, 85, 80056, Ercolano (Na), Italy.
LEAD_AUTHOR
V.
Nangia
3
International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas, P.O. Box 5466, Aleppo, Syria.
AUTHOR
F.
Karam
4
International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas, P.O. Box 5466, Aleppo, Syria.
AUTHOR
Y.
Rouphael
5
Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Università 100, 80055, Portici (Na), Italy.
AUTHOR
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Physiological responses of sunflower to water stress under different levels of zinc fertilizer
To investigate the physiological responses of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.,
Alstar hybrid) to water stress under different levels of zinc fertilizer, an experiment
was conducted at the Isfahan Agricultural Research Center, Isfahan, Iran, during
2008 and 2009 using a randomized complete block design within a split plot layout
with three replications. Five irrigation treatments used in this experiment to impose
water stress were IR1 (irrigation after 70 mm cumulative evaporation from class A
evaporation pan (CE) during the entire growth cycle as control treatment), IR2
(irrigation after 120 mm CE during the entire growth cycle), IR3 (the same as IR1,
except withholding one irrigation at initiation of peduncle elongating (R2)), IR4
(the same as IR1, except withholding one irrigation at the beginning of flowering
(R5.1)) and IR5, (the same as IR1, except withholding one irrigation at 70 to 80%
flowering (R5.7-8)). Irrigation treatments were allocated to main plots and three
zinc fertilizer levels (0, 30 and 60 kg ha-1 of zinc sulfate) to subplots. Water stress
reduced leaf relative water content (LRWC), chlorophyll a (CHLa) and b (CHLb),
chlorophyll a/b (CHLa/b), total chlorophyll (CHLt), leaf area index (LAI), leaf dry
weight (LDW) and head dry weight (HDW), but increased proline (PR) content of
leaves. Sixty Kg ha-1 zinc sulfate fertilization could partly prevent deleterious
effects of water stress at some occasions. This level of zinc sulfate application
might be recommended under conditions similar to this experiment which
sufficiency of soil zinc content to cope with water stress is in doubt.
Keywords: Chlorophyll; Dry weight; Leaf area index; Proline; Relative water
content; Zn.
https://ijpp.gau.ac.ir/article_1721_34b7bbe3a4c8ee30a414f9241b978ea7.pdf
2014-08-01
483
504
10.22069/ijpp.2014.1721
M.
Ebrahimi
ebrahimi2854@yahoo.com
1
Student of PhD Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch of Khuzestan, Iran.
LEAD_AUTHOR
M.R.
Khajehpour
2
Islamic Azad University, Khorasgan (Isfahan) Branch, Iran.
AUTHOR
A.
Naderi
3
Agriculture and Natural Resource Research Institute, Khuzestan, Iran.
AUTHOR
B.
Majde Nassiri
4
Agriculture and Natural Resource Research Institute, Isfahan, Iran.
AUTHOR
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
The effects of strip cropping and weed control methods on yields of dent maize, narrow-leafed lupin and oats
The aim of this study was to assess the effects of strip cropping and different
weed control methods on the yield and yield structure of dent maize, narrow-leafed
lupin and spring oat. A split-plot design with four replications was conducted in
2008-2010. The following factors were analysed in the experiment: I. Cultivation
method – sole cropping and strip cropping; II. Weed control method – mechanical
and chemical. The method of cultivation was considered the main plot and the
weed control methods were the sub-plot. Strip cropping significantly increased the
maize yield and the percentage share of ears in the total biomass. The seed yield of
narrow-leafed lupin was significantly higher in strip cropping, but only where
mechanical weed control was used. Strip cropping significantly increased the plant
density, seed number and weight per plant and 1,000 seed weight of lupin. Oat
yield was slightly higher in the strip cropping than in the sole cropping. Strip
cropping increased grain number and weight per panicle in the oat. The chemical
weed control method was more favourable to the yield of maize, narrow-leaf lupin
and oat than the mechanical weed control. The land equivalent ratio value (1.06)
confirms that the maize/narrow-leafed lupin/oat strip cropping was more efficient
than the sole cropping.
Keywords: Strip cropping; Dent maize; Oat; Narrow-leafed lupin; Weed control.
https://ijpp.gau.ac.ir/article_1722_70dc17fe9f16874783e0822b14428c86.pdf
2014-08-01
505
530
10.22069/ijpp.2014.1722
A.
Głowacka
aleksandra.glowacka@up.lublin.pl
1
University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Department of Soil and Plant Cultivation, Zamość, Poland.
LEAD_AUTHOR
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Yield gap analysis of chickpea under semi-arid conditions:A simulation study
Yield gap analysis provides an essential framework to prioritize research and
policy efforts to reduce yield constraints. To identify options for increasing
chickpea yield, the SSM-chickpea model was parameterized and evaluated. The
model was applied to analyze seed yield at both potential and water limited
production levels and subsequently to find the yield gap for nine different
locations. Study locations are selected to represent major chickpea-growing areas
of Khorasan Razavi province (located between 37◦ N and 33◦ S latitude and 61◦ E
and 56◦ W longitude). The average simulated potential yield of chickpea across all
study locations was 2251 kg ha-1, while for the water limited yield was 1026
kg ha -1, indicating 54% lower due to adverse soil moisture conditions. Average
irrigated and rainfed actual yields were 64% and 79% less than simulated potential
and water limited yields respectively. Maximum and minimum of simulated
potential yield minus simulated water limited yield (YGMM) and simulated potential
yield minus irrigated actual yield (YGMI) were observed in Torbat-Jam and
Quchan, respectively. Generally, YGMI and YGMM showed an increasing trend from
the north (including Neishabur, Mashhad, Quchan and Daregaz) to the south of the
study province (Torbat-Jam and Gonabad). In comparison to other indices,
simulated water limited yield minus rainfed actual yield (YGMR) was very low
because both simulated water limited and average rainfed actual yields were low in
these locations. Overall, YGMR was almost unaffected by the quantity of rainfall
received at these locations.
Keywords: Actual yield; Benchmarking; Modelling; Potential yield.
https://ijpp.gau.ac.ir/article_1723_7453ab3e02059d1012b0d113ac1d8229.pdf
2014-08-01
531
548
10.22069/ijpp.2014.1723
S.R.
Amiri Deh Ahmadi
seyedrezaamiri@yahoo.com
1
Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Faculty of Agriculture, P.O. Box 91775-1163, Mashhad, Iran.
LEAD_AUTHOR
M.
Parsa
2
Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Faculty of Agriculture, P.O. Box 91775-1163, Mashhad, Iran.
AUTHOR
M.
Bannayan
3
Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Faculty of Agriculture, P.O. Box 91775-1163, Mashhad, Iran.
AUTHOR
M.
Nassiri Mahallati
4
Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Faculty of Agriculture, P.O. Box 91775-1163, Mashhad, Iran.
AUTHOR
R.
Deihimfard
5
Department of Agroecology, Environmental Sciences Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, G.C., P.O. Box 19835-196, Tehran, Iran.
AUTHOR
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Integrated nutrient management using deoiled Jatropha cake for sustained and economic food production
With growing environmental and energy concerns, Jatropha plantations are
promoted in degraded/waste lands for the biodiesel production. Nutrient rich nonedible
deoiled seed cake, a by-product of Jatropha left out after oil extraction was
evaluated at the ICRISAT centre at Patancheru, India as an environment friendly
source of nutrients for rainy season maize and soybean followed by postrainy
chickpea in rainfed systems. Deoiled cake as partial (50%) or full replacement of
recommended basal nitrogen (N) was found superior in terms of increased crop
yield over the equivalent chemical fertilizers treatments. Highest yield and net
returns under full replacement of basal N for maize, while under 50% basal N
replacement in case of soybean and chickpea crops were recorded by 8 to 27% in
grain yield and 10 to 28% in straw yield. Deoiled Jatropha cake as a full
replacement of N dose in maize also recorded higher N uptake and use efficiency
in maize than chemical N source treatment along with increased organic C and
nutrient contents in post-harvest soil samples. This study revealed the benefits of
Jatropha deoiled seed cake as a good source of plant nutrients and soil organic C in
the semi-arid tropics in addition to enhanced C sequestration under Jatropha
plantation on degraded waste lands.
Keywords: Integrated nutrient management; Jatropha seed cake; Organic manure;
Sustainable production; Resilience building.
https://ijpp.gau.ac.ir/article_1724_1cace11566edd33c8eef3b2528351072.pdf
2014-08-01
549
562
10.22069/ijpp.2014.1724
S.P.
Wani
s.wani@cgiar.org
1
Resilient Dryland Systems, International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Patancheru-502324, Andhra Pradesh, India.
LEAD_AUTHOR
G.
Chander
2
Resilient Dryland Systems, International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Patancheru-502324, Andhra Pradesh, India.
AUTHOR
K.L.
Sahrawat
3
Resilient Dryland Systems, International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Patancheru-502324, Andhra Pradesh, India.
AUTHOR
P.
Narsimha Rao
4
Resilient Dryland Systems, International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Patancheru-502324, Andhra Pradesh, India.
AUTHOR
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Effects of deficit irrigation and groundwater depth on root growth of direct seeding rice in a column experiment
Rice is an essential crop in Iran that is grown mostly in areas where depth to
groundwater is low. Root growth and water uptake of rice under shallow
groundwater has not been thoroughly studied. This experiment was conducted to
determine the lowland rice (cv. Ghasrodashti) root distribution above shallow
groundwater in relation to deficit irrigation and groundwater depth in cylindrical
greenhouse lysimeters. The irrigation treatments were continuous flood irrigation
(CFI) and intermittent flood irrigation (4- and 8-day intervals IF-4 and IF-8). The
groundwater depths (GWD) were 0.3, 0.45 and 0.6 m from the soil surface. In
general, 40-60% of root dry weight was observed in the top 10 cm of soil in CFI
treatments and IF-4 with 0.3 m GWD resulted in 20% increase in root dry weight
in 10-20 cm layer compared with 0-10 cm. However, the root dry weight in 0-10
cm at 0.60 m GWD was 58% lower in intermittent irrigation compared to CFI.
There was no significant difference in mean root length density in IF-4 with 0.3 m
GWD compared with CFI. In general, lowland rice showed good ability to develop
its root system in shallow groundwater level conditions in order to extract
water due to lower soil water content in the intermittent flood irrigations.
Simple equations were presented to predict the groundwater contribution to
evapotranspiration based on the root length density and root weight density.
Therefore, in areas with shallow groundwater depth (up to 0.45 m from the soil
surface) and low potential evapotranspiration, application of IF-4 instead of CFI
can be useful management especially where water scarcity is a serious problem.
Keywords: Groundwater; Root yield; Root length density; Intermittent flood
irrigation; Continuous flood irrigation.
https://ijpp.gau.ac.ir/article_1725_b72b91ad667b92674524174731fd9424.pdf
2014-08-01
563
586
10.22069/ijpp.2014.1725
R.
Talebnejad
1
Irrigation Department, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran.
AUTHOR
A.R.
Sepaskhah
sepas@shirazu.ac.ir
2
Irrigation Department, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran.
LEAD_AUTHOR
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Optimal crop management can reduce energy use and greenhouse gases emissions in rainfed canola production
Energy use and greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions in rainfed canola production
in north eastern Iran were analyzed to find measures to reduce energy use and
GHG emissions. Four production scenarios, i.e. a high-input, a low-input, a better
crop management and a usual scenario, evaluated. All activities and production
processes were monitored and recorded over three consecutive years. The usual
scenario consumed 13 GJ ha-1 energy input, resulted in 52 GJ ha-1 energy output
and GHG emissions of 1028 kg CO2-eq ha-1 and 556 kg CO2-eq t-1. The key factors
relating to energy use and GHG emissions were nitrogen fertilizer and fuel for field
operations. Compared to the usual production scenario, the better crop management
production scenario was significantly more efficient; it consumed 25% less input
energy, needed 17% lower amount of nitrogen fertilizer, but resulted in 35% more
grain yield and output energy. This scenario also resulted in 26% less GHG
emissions per unit field area and 45% less GHG emissions per ton of grain.
Measures of improvement in energy use and GHG emission were identified.
Keywords: Canola; Crop management; Energy; Environment; GHG emission.
https://ijpp.gau.ac.ir/article_1726_111d69b745f7b27639275b8f4f465b6d.pdf
2014-08-01
587
604
10.22069/ijpp.2014.1726
A.
Soltani
afsoltani@yahoo.com
1
Agronomy Group, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan 49138-15739, Iran.
LEAD_AUTHOR
M.H.M.
Maleki
2
Agronomy Group, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan 49138-15739, Iran.
AUTHOR
E.
Zeinali
3
Agronomy Group, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan 49138-15739, Iran.
AUTHOR