@article { author = {}, title = {INFO}, journal = {International Journal of Plant Production}, volume = {8}, number = {1}, pages = {0-0}, year = {2014}, publisher = {Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences}, issn = {1735-6814}, eissn = {1735-8043}, doi = {10.22069/ijpp.2014.1368}, abstract = {}, keywords = {}, url = {https://ijpp.gau.ac.ir/article_1368.html}, eprint = {https://ijpp.gau.ac.ir/article_1368_f662da150aed10dc0a63787b7a4a184c.pdf} } @article { author = {Bisht, P. and Kumar, P. and Yadav, M. and Rawat, J.S. and Sharma, M.P. and Hooda, R.S.}, title = {Spatial dynamics for relative contribution of cropping pattern analysis on environment by integrating remote sensing and GIS}, journal = {International Journal of Plant Production}, volume = {8}, number = {1}, pages = {1-17}, year = {2014}, publisher = {Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences}, issn = {1735-6814}, eissn = {1735-8043}, doi = {10.22069/ijpp.2014.1369}, abstract = {Agriculture resources reflected to be one of the most imperative renewable and dynamic natural resources. Agricultural sustainability has the premier priority in all countries, whether developed or developing. Cropping system analysis is indispensable for grinding the sustainability of agricultural science. Crop alternation is stated as growing one crop after another on the same piece of land in altered timings (seasons) without prejudicing the soil fertility. The study has been conducted for Fatehabad district of Haryana State of Indo-Gangetic plains in India. This paper generated cropping pattern and crop rotation maps of Fatehabad district. Multi-date IRS LISS-III digital data of different cropping seasons of 2007-08 have been used for this study. The present study relies on data from remote sensing combined with ground observations. Multi-date images of Rabi season images were geo-referenced using master images. Multi-date images of Kharif and single date image of summer seasons were geo-referenced with geo-referenced Rabi season image using image-to-image registrations and nearest neighborhood resampling method was applied. Multilayer stack were prepared for Kharif and Rabi cropping seasons. Stacked images of different seasons were classified using complete enumeration approach and unsupervised ISO-Data clustering classifier with district outside and non-agriculture mask based on some defined conditions such as the number of clusters, threshold, and number of iterations etc. A multiphased unsupervised ISODATA classification was used for seasonal cropping pattern mapping. The results showed that in the area, a monophonic crop pattern was found in summer and major part of the district is lying as fallow and major crops are fodder, dhaicha & sunflower, but in winter, areas under dissimilar crop pattern had changed melodramatically. Keywords: Accuracy assessment; Cropping pattern; Crop rotation.}, keywords = {}, url = {https://ijpp.gau.ac.ir/article_1369.html}, eprint = {https://ijpp.gau.ac.ir/article_1369_f455d5c95397d8744721a348d076cd18.pdf} } @article { author = {Sarabi, V. and Ghanbari, A. and Rashed Mohassel, M.H. and Nassiri Mahallati, M. and Rastgoo, M.}, title = {Evaluation of broadleaf weeds control with some post-emergence herbicides in maize (Zea mays L.) in Iran}, journal = {International Journal of Plant Production}, volume = {8}, number = {1}, pages = {19-32}, year = {2014}, publisher = {Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences}, issn = {1735-6814}, eissn = {1735-8043}, doi = {10.22069/ijpp.2014.1370}, abstract = {Registered dose of herbicides may be higher than rate required for controlling weed species depending on growth stages. In order to study the effect of individual post-emergence application of 2,4-D plus MCPA and three sulfonylurea herbicides at four- to six-true leaf stage of weeds, experiments were conducted in 2011 at the greenhouse of Agricultural Faculty of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran. Treatments included untreated control and several rates of 2,4-D plus MCPA, foramsulfuron, nicosulfuron and nicosulfuron + rimsulfuron on redroot pigweed, common lambsquarters, common purslane and black nightshade. These herbicides were more effective to control redroot pigweed than other weeds (except nicosulfuron + rimsulfuron), thereupon minimum dose required for a satisfactory efficacy of 90% reduction of redroot pigweed aboveground dry matter (ED90) were 375.26, 23.51 and 63.81 g a.i h-1 of 2,4-D plus MCPA, foramsulfuron and nicosulfuron, respectively. Nicosulfuron and nicosulfuron + rimsulfuron did not control common lambsquarters effectively. Foramsulfuron had the lowest effect on black nightshade and common purslane, so that minimum dose required for a 90% reduction of black nightshade and common purslane aboveground dry matter were 52.42 and 60.26 g a.i h-1, respectively. Thus, these results showed that tank mixtures with other herbicides effective in controlling broadleaf weeds may be required for satisfactory weed control and reduction in sulfonylurea herbicides doses. Keywords: Broadleaf weeds; Dose-response curve; Effective dose; Growth stage; Sulfonylurea herbicides. }, keywords = {}, url = {https://ijpp.gau.ac.ir/article_1370.html}, eprint = {https://ijpp.gau.ac.ir/article_1370_49ba7f888f5c6f4206b753a69d11a015.pdf} } @article { author = {Hu, Y. and Schraml, M. and von Tucher, S. and Li, F. and Schmidhalter, U.}, title = {Influence of nitrification inhibitors on yields of arable crops: A meta-analysis of recent studies in Germany}, journal = {International Journal of Plant Production}, volume = {8}, number = {1}, pages = {33-50}, year = {2014}, publisher = {Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences}, issn = {1735-6814}, eissn = {1735-8043}, doi = {10.22069/ijpp.2014.1371}, abstract = {Nitrification inhibitors (NIs) delay the oxidation of ammonium by soil microorganisms, maintaining a higher proportion of applied nitrogen (N) in the soil by preventing nitrate-N loss from leaching and gaseous N losses from nitrification and denitrification. Thus, a large number of studies have shown N fertilizers with NIs are more environmentally friendly. In contrast, there are only a limited number of studies about effects of the N fertilizers added with NIs on arable crop yields and the conclusions are also divergent. This study presents a meta-analysis of recent research in Germany investigating the effects of NIs on the yields of different agricultural crops (winter wheat, winter barley, winter rapeseed, potato, grain and silage maize) compared to conventional N fertilization without NIs at a given N rate. Crop yields with and without NIs at a reduced number of N fertilizer applications were also compared. Nitrogen fertilizers with NIs did not significantly influence the yields of all investigated crops. For a given N application rate, the number of fertilizer applications could be reduced by at least one without any significant effect on yield when fertilizers with NIs were used. By contrast, the crude protein content of winter wheat was decreased significantly when the number of applications of NI fertilizers was less than that of non-NI-containing fertilizers. These findings may suggest that the key advantages to using N fertilizers with NIs are helping to protect the environment due to reduced N losses and reducing labor costs due to saving at least one fertilizer application, all while maintaining the yields of the investigated crops. Keywords: Field crops; Nitrification inhibitor (NI); Nitrogen (N); N fertilizers; Crop yield.}, keywords = {}, url = {https://ijpp.gau.ac.ir/article_1371.html}, eprint = {https://ijpp.gau.ac.ir/article_1371_48875160cf3825fbbf5f10c2b8c40a69.pdf} } @article { author = {Montemurro, F. and Maiorana, M.}, title = {Cropping systems, tillage and fertilization strategies for durum wheat performance and soil properties}, journal = {International Journal of Plant Production}, volume = {8}, number = {1}, pages = {52-75}, year = {2014}, publisher = {Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences}, issn = {1735-6814}, eissn = {1735-8043}, doi = {10.22069/ijpp.2014.1372}, abstract = {Many sustainable agronomical practices can be adopted to contain environmental risks of crop production and, at the same time, sustain yield and quality. In this framework, the aim of this research was to study the effects of continuous cropping (CC) and crop rotation, tillage and fertilization strategies on durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.) production. The responses of soil properties were further investigated. The research was carried out from 1998 to 2006 in two two-year rotations repeated two times and in a continuous cropping. The wheat yield and total nitrogen (N) uptake mean value were significantly higher in rotation (by 9.7 and 21.5%, respectively) than in CC. Moreover, the broad bean-wheat rotation significantly increased wheat performance, in particular yield (+35.2 and 47.9% in conventional and in minimum tillage, respectively) compared to sugar beet-wheat rotation. The minimum tillage increased total organic carbon compared to the conventional one and this enhancement was observed both in CC and rotation (+11.6 and 10.6%, respectively). The reduced tillage also increased total N in both cropping systems and mineral N (+25.4%) in rotation. On the whole, the findings of this research provide an opportunity to identify best cultivation strategies to improve wheat performance in rainfed farming systems. Keywords: Minimum tillage; Rotation systems; Fertilizer application; Wheat yield; Soil quality.}, keywords = {}, url = {https://ijpp.gau.ac.ir/article_1372.html}, eprint = {https://ijpp.gau.ac.ir/article_1372_6ca7ca0ecb5f270cd414a741f689c7d4.pdf} } @article { author = {Sadeghpour, A. and Jahanzad, E. and Lithourgidis, A.S. and Hashemi, M. and Esmaeili, A. and Hosseini, M.B.}, title = {Forage yield and quality of barley-annual medic intercrops in semi-arid environments}, journal = {International Journal of Plant Production}, volume = {8}, number = {1}, pages = {77-89}, year = {2014}, publisher = {Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences}, issn = {1735-6814}, eissn = {1735-8043}, doi = {10.22069/ijpp.2014.1373}, abstract = {On-farm production of protein is limited in most dairy farm operations in arid and semi-arid environments. Cereal-legume intercropping could be a viable option to obtain forage with higher protein content. A two-year experiment was conducted during 2009 and 2010 growing seasons in a loamy soil to determine whether intercropping pattern of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and annual medic (Medicago scutellata L.) could increase forage quality while producing sufficient amount of forage yield. The results showed that when number of rows in 50:50 replacement intercropping decreased from six rows of barley and six rows of medic (6B:6M) (strip intercropping) to 4B:4M, 2B:2M and 1B:1M, barley forage yield increased by 9, 18 and 24% due to a wavy canopy created by 1B:1M and 2B:2M cropping ratios. Land Equivalent Ratio (LER) was highest (1.19) when barley was intercropped with annual medic in 1B:1M arrangement indicating that 19% more area would be required by a sole cropping system to yield similar of intercropping system. The highest protein yield was also obtained from 1B:1M ratio. Pure stand of annual medic had the highest Crude Protein (CP) content (310.7 g kg-1 of DM) whereas sole cropping of barley had the highest Neutral Detergent Fiber (NDF) and Acid Detergent Fiber (ADF). When both forage yield and quality was considered, the intercropping of barley and medic with 1B:1M ratio was superior to any other ratios and can be recommended to farmers as an alternative to barley alone. Keywords: Annual medic; Barley; Crude protein; Forage; Intercropping; LER.}, keywords = {}, url = {https://ijpp.gau.ac.ir/article_1373.html}, eprint = {https://ijpp.gau.ac.ir/article_1373_81bcb9a7d344934b2d6ebf2548770a4a.pdf} } @article { author = {Zhou, K.Q. and Wang, G.D. and Li, Y.H. and Liu, X.B. and Herbert, S.J. and Hashemi, M.}, title = {Assessing variety mixture of continuous spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) on grain yield and flour quality in Northeast China}, journal = {International Journal of Plant Production}, volume = {8}, number = {1}, pages = {91-105}, year = {2014}, publisher = {Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences}, issn = {1735-6814}, eissn = {1735-8043}, doi = {10.22069/ijpp.2014.1374}, abstract = {Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) variety mixtures represent a relatively unexplored avenue for maintaining yield and improving flour quality. A field experiment was conducted to examine the responses of three spring wheat varieties in pure variety and in variety mixtures under continuous cropping in Northeast China. Three modern spring wheat varieties, along with a three-variety mixture and a two-variety mixture of equal proportions, were planted during the growing seasons of 2006 to 2009. The mixtures were chosen mainly to have complementary traits of yield potential and grain quality. Wheat yield was not affected by continuous cropping but by growing conditions, varieties and variety mixture. Yield stability of 3-variety mixture exceeded that of the pure varieties. The 3-variety mixture consistently out-yielded the means of the respective components (mid-components), with a mean advantage of 0.17 t ha-1 over the different growing conditions. Variety mixture offers greater yield advantages over lower-yield but good-quality variety and improves dough rheological properties and some chemical properties over the higher-yield variety. The 1:1:1 variety mixtures have greater environmental plasticity and potential application in improving flour quality than pure varieties and are therefore recommended for use to Northeast China’s wheat growers even in the absence of severe disease. Keywords: Triticum aestivum; Cultivar blends; Yield stability; Flour quality; Test weight; Sedimentation value.}, keywords = {}, url = {https://ijpp.gau.ac.ir/article_1374.html}, eprint = {https://ijpp.gau.ac.ir/article_1374_a7a2644433d9abd894007fb28131777e.pdf} } @article { author = {Azizian, A. and Sepaskhah, A.R.}, title = {Maize response to different water, salinity and nitrogen levels: agronomic behavior}, journal = {International Journal of Plant Production}, volume = {8}, number = {1}, pages = {107-130}, year = {2014}, publisher = {Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences}, issn = {1735-6814}, eissn = {1735-8043}, doi = {10.22069/ijpp.2014.1375}, abstract = {Soil water, salinity and nitrogen content are three major factors affecting crop production in arid and semi-arid areas. This study was performed in two years of 2009 and 2010 in a semi-arid area in order to investigate the effects of irrigation water quantity (as main plot), quality (saline water, as sub-plot), nitrogen fertilizer (as sub-sub plot) and their interactions on growth and yield of maize hybrid SC- 704. The experimental design was split plot with three replications. Irrigation treatments consisted of I1 (1.0 crop evapotranspiration (ETc) + 0.25ETc as leaching), I2 (0.75I1) and I3 (0.5I1) applied at 7-day intervals. The salinity treatments were 0.6 (fresh water), 2.0 and 4.0 dS m-1. There were also three nitrogen (N) treatments including 0, 150 and 300 kg N ha-1. The results showed that maize under water and salinity stress had longer vegetative stage period by 11 and 16% compared to the control, respectively. The most sensitive trait under water, salinity and nitrogen stress was grain yield (GY) which reduced by 52.3, 25.2 and 28.0%, for treatments of 0.5I1, 4.0 dS m-1 and 0 kg N ha-1, respectively. Based on water productivity (WP), applied water is more efficient for GY production under lower irrigation and N fertilizer usage. Grain yield surface function approached a maximum under I2 and I1 treatments in response to increasing water and N levels. The contour plots of GY were developed at each salinity level and showed that it could be a useful management device of irrigation and N for maize GY. Based on nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) and nitrogen recovery (NR), the N application rate of 150 kg ha-1 was the optimum rate for the study region especially under saline water conditions. Further, interaction result of the experimental factors showed that with adequate or limited fresh water supply, application of higher N rate (300 kg ha-1) yielded higher GY. While under saline water application, lower N rates (150 kg ha-1) was appropriate management for optimum maize GY with sufficient/non-sufficient irrigation. Furthermore, the threshold values of soil saturation extract, 50% GY reduction, and yield reduction coefficient of maize showed that in general maize did not tolerate salinity better under higher N application rate (300 kg ha-1), although in some cases its sensitivity to salinity decreased by increasing N application rate. Keywords: Agronomic response; Maize; Nitrogen; Saline water; Salinity indices.}, keywords = {}, url = {https://ijpp.gau.ac.ir/article_1375.html}, eprint = {https://ijpp.gau.ac.ir/article_1375_b498158613602ababe20388b4dcf4b3e.pdf} } @article { author = {Azizian, A. and Sepaskhah, A.R.}, title = {Maize response to water, salinity and nitrogen levels: physiological growth parameters and gas exchange}, journal = {International Journal of Plant Production}, volume = {8}, number = {1}, pages = {131-162}, year = {2014}, publisher = {Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences}, issn = {1735-6814}, eissn = {1735-8043}, doi = {10.22069/ijpp.2014.1376}, abstract = {A split-split-plot design with three replications in two years of 2009 and 2010 was conducted to investigate the effect of different levels of irrigation water (main plot), salinity of irrigation water (sub-plot) and nitrogen fertilizer rate (sub-subplot) on maize growth rate and gas exchange. Irrigation treatments were I1 (1.0 crop evapotranspiration (ETc)+0.25ETc as leaching), I2 (0.75I1) and I3 (0.5I1) applied at 7-day intervals. The salinity treatments of irrigation were 0.6 (fresh water), 2.0 and 4.0 dS m-1. There were also three nitrogen (N) treatments including 0, 150 and 300 kg N ha-1. Results showed that vegetative growth stage of maize in salinity stress lasted 5% more than that in water stress. The most sensitive trait under water, salinity and nitrogen stress was grain yield (GY). The optimum treatment for maize production is full fresh water application by 150 kg N ha-1. Results also showed that crop growth rate (CGR) was statistically higher in I1 and I2 as 58 and 34% relative to I3 treatment, respectively. Furthermore, CGR was statistically lower in S2 and S3 as 10 and 18% relative to S1, respectively. Besides, N application significantly increased CGR by an average of 15% as compared with no N rate. The net assimilation rate (NAR) reached its maximum value in I2, S2 and N2 relative to other treatments indicating that NAR did not necessarily occurred at maximum LAI conditions. In general, maize had statistically greater NAR in pollination and filling stages relative to other growth stages. Results of gas exchange for maize as a sensitive crop to water deficit, showed that photosynthesis rate (An) and stomatal conductance (gs) were statistically decreased in water deficit by an average of 30 and 43% as compared to full irrigation treatment, respectively. However, reduction in An and gs in salinity conditions was the same as 13% compared to no salinity treatment. Transpiration rate (T) was statistically lower under water and salinity stress by an average of 75 and 26% as compared to no water and salinity stress, respectively. The ratio of An/gs in I2 and I3 was statistically higher as 23% than that obtained in I1 treatment indicating that maximum amount of intrinsic water use efficiency could be achieved by water saving strategies. This result confirmed by transpiration efficiency (An/T) which was statistically higher as 40 and 14% in I3 and S3 relative to full and fresh water irrigation treatment, respectively. In general, there was a decreasing trend in An and gs toward the end of growing season, mainly due to leaves ageing. Similar pattern also occurred in measurements during a day from morning to afternoon. Furthermore, An and gs decreased as vapor pressure deficit (VPD) increased. The relationships between An and gs vs VPD in different growth stages implied that the plant ability to regulate An and gs in response to VPD at leaf level declined in the last growth stages. This indicated that the water saving strategies during last growth stage for maize is more desirable. Keywords: Gas exchange; Growth analysis; Maize; Water; Salinity and nitrogen stress.}, keywords = {}, url = {https://ijpp.gau.ac.ir/article_1376.html}, eprint = {https://ijpp.gau.ac.ir/article_1376_0fe184ef5a37eefbaeb93c8117e78b3d.pdf} }