Gorgan University of Agricultural SciencesInternational Journal of Plant Production1735-681410320160701INFO00289510.22069/ijpp.2016.2895ENJournal Article20160522Gorgan University of Agricultural SciencesInternational Journal of Plant Production1735-681410320160701From Petri dish to field: testing Greek lentil accessions for imazamox tolerance265274289610.22069/ijpp.2016.2896ENG.S. TheologidouAristotle University of Thessaloniki, Faculty of Agriculture, Lab. of Agronomy, 541 24 Thessaloniki, Hellas.J.T. TsialtasAristotle University of Thessaloniki, Faculty of Agriculture, Lab. of Agronomy, 541 24 Thessaloniki, HellasN. KaloumenosBiological Sciences, Syngenta, Jealott’s Hill International Research Centre, Bracknell, Berkshire RG42 6EY, UK.I.G. EleftherohorinosAristotle University of Thessaloniki, Faculty of Agriculture, Lab. of Agronomy, 541 24 Thessaloniki, HellasJournal Article20160522<span>This work aimed to study the intrinsic tolerance of Greek lentil accessions to imazamox<br /><span>herbicide by combining bioassays, pot and field experiments. Initially, 31 genotypes were<br /><span>evaluated in Petri dish bioassays for their tolerance to six concentrations of imazamox. The<br /><span>average root length of 10 lentil seedlings/dish at seven days after herbicide application was used<br /><span>for non-linear regression analysis and the GR<span>50 <span>values (the amount of the herbicide required for<br /><span>50% root length reduction of the seedlings) were estimated to calculate the resistance ratio (R/S)<br /><span>of each cultivar. The results of the <span><em>in vitro </em><span>test clued the selection of nine accessions for further<br /><span>study in pot experiment, to assess their tolerance to four rates [0 (control), 20, 30, 40 g ai ha<span>-1<span>]<br /><span>of imazamox post-emergently applied at the seven true-leaf stage (V7 stage). Five weeks after<br /><span>treatment, the number of survived plants was recorded and the above-ground dry weight was<br /><span>determined in each pot. There was no direct correlation in the results of <span><em>in vitro </em><span>test and the pot<br /><span>experiment, suggesting no matching between the two methods. The evaluation of five<br /><span>accessions (cultivars with high commercial interest and accessions sporting tolerance in pot<br /><span>experiment) in field experiment demonstrated different but increased susceptibility to<br /><span>imazamox. Specifically, compared to the untreated control, the imazamox treatments reduced<br /><span>plant growth, delayed flowering and maturity and reduced yield, dry weight, 1000-seed weight<br /><span>and harvest index. Yet the protein concentration was increased in herbicide treatments. The<br /><span>findings of the study showed clearly that the evaluated lentil accessions lack genes with<br /><span>resistance to imazamox and different methods have to be used for assessing any potential<br /><span>tolerance.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /><br class="Apple-interchange-newline" /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>Gorgan University of Agricultural SciencesInternational Journal of Plant Production1735-681410320160701Water-saving irrigation strategies affect tuber water relations and nitrogen content of potatoes275288289710.22069/ijpp.2016.2897ENS.H. AhmadiIrrigation Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, IranM. AgharezaeeIrrigation Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, IranA.A. Kamgar-HaghighiIrrigation Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, IranA.R. SepaskhahIrrigation Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran.Journal Article20160522<span>The dynamic and static deficit (DDI, SDI), partial root drying (DPRD, SPRD) and full (FI)<br /><span>irrigation strategies were applied in Agria and Ramos potato cultivars in a semi-arid area. FI<br /><span>received 100% of the potential evapotranspiration (ET); SDI and SPRD received 75% of ET<br /><span>during the growth period; DDI and DPRD received 90% of ET in the first third, 75% of ET in<br /><span>the second third and 50% of ET in the last third of growth period. Results showed that fresh<br /><span>tuber yield and tuber nitrogen (N) content were negatively correlated meaning that by increasing<br /><span>the tuber N content, tuber yield decreased. PRD irrigation strategy had significantly the highest<br /><span>tuber N content than FI and DI. Dry matter water productivity (WP<span>DM<span>) was significantly<br /><span>different between the irrigation strategies. The DI strategies had significantly higher WP<span>DM <span>than<br /><span>FI and PRD ones. DDI and DPRD increased WP<span>DM <span>by 26 and 19% compared to SDI and SPRD,<br /><span>respectively. WP<span>DM <span>in Ramos (1.08 kg m<span>-3<span>) was higher than Agria (0.82 kg m<span>-3<span>). The newly<br /><span>introduced Dry Matter-Water Content Index (DMWCI) was higher in PRD and Agria than DI<br /><span>and Ramos, respectively. Conclusively, the DI treatments are the recommended water savingirrigation strategies under these experimental conditions in terms of highest WP<span>DM <span>and greater<br /><span>dry matter allocation to tubers, though the PRD irrigation strategy had higher tuber N content.<br /><span>Ramos is the favored potato cultivar for processing industry based on its higher WP<span>DM <span>and tuber<br /><span>dry matter content than Agria.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /><br class="Apple-interchange-newline" /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>Gorgan University of Agricultural SciencesInternational Journal of Plant Production1735-681410320160701Chlorophyll meter – a decision-making tool for nitrogen application in wheat under light soils289302289810.22069/ijpp.2016.2898ENM.M. AkhterWheat Research Centre, Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute, Dinajpur-5200, Bangladesh.Akbar HossainWheat Research Centre, Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute, Dinajpur-5200, Bangladesh.Jagadish TimsinaFaculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.J.A. Teixeira Da SilvaP.O. Box 7, Miki-cho post office, Ikenobe 3011-2, Kagawa-ken, 761-0799, JapanM.S. IslamHajee Mohammad Danesh Science and Technology University, Dinajpur-5200, Bangladesh.Journal Article20160522<span>Nitrogen (N) in plants is generally diagnosed by a soil test and plant tissue analysis.<br /><span>However, such analyses are costly in terms of time and money and are not easily accessible by<br /><span>researchers and extension workers, let alone farmers. Alternative cost-effective methods are<br /><span>required for rapid analysis of the N status of crops and to guide N management in wheat. The<br /><span>objective of this study was to assess whether the SPAD values using a leaf chlorophyll meter<br /><span>could be used to apply N at the maximum tillering (MT) stage of irrigated spring wheat grown<br /><span>under light soils of South Asia. Experiments were conducted over two years under light soils at<br /><span>the Wheat Research Centre (WRC), Dinajpur, Bangladesh. Treatments were 80, 100 and 120<br /><span>kg N ha<span>−1<span>, applied two-thirds as basal and one-third at the crown root initiation (CRI) stage<br /><span>along with additional 10, 20 and 30 kg N ha<span>−1 <span>(first year) and 0, 10, 20 and 30 kg N ha<span>-1 <span>(second<br /><span>year) at MT. Rates at MT were determined on the basis of SPAD values, which fell below the<br /><span>critical value of 37.5, recorded at 45 days after sowing (DAS). SPAD values recorded at 55 and<br /><span>65 DAS were positively correlated with grain yield (GY), indicating that the application of extra<br /><span>N at MT influences wheat GY. Our results have two major implications: (i) SPAD values based<br /><span>on a leaf chlorophyll meter can be used for N application and (ii) extra 30 kg N ha<span>-1 <span>at MT is<br /><span>recommended for achieving maximum GY of irrigated spring wheat under the light soils of<br /><span>South Asia.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /><br class="Apple-interchange-newline" /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>Gorgan University of Agricultural SciencesInternational Journal of Plant Production1735-681410320160701Impact of environmental pollution on the growth and production of Egyptian clover303316289910.22069/ijpp.2016.2899ENT.M. GalalBotany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt.Journal Article20160522<span>The present study investigated the impact of environmental pollution, represented in soil,<br /><span>irrigation water and air heavy metals, on the growth and production of Egyptian clover<br /><span>cultivated at south Greater Cairo, Egypt. Plants were sampled through five quadrats (0.5×0.5<br /><span>m), distributed equally in four cultivated farms in unpolluted and polluted sites, at the<br /><span>harvesting time. In addition, soil, air and irrigation water were collected from each farm.<br /><span>Significant differences in air, soil and irrigation water between the polluted and unpolluted sites<br /><span>were recognized. Plant density, shoot and root lengths; as well as biomass and yield were<br /><span>remarkably lower in the polluted site. In contrast with chlorophyll b; chlorophyll a and<br /><span>carotenoids contents were lower in clover cultivated in the polluted site. However, chlorophyll<br /><span>a/b ratio was significantly higher in plants from the polluted site. It was found that, As, Cr, Ni,<br /><span>Zn, Ag and V were significantly higher in clover shoots than roots, while Pb, Cd, Cu, Fe, Mn<br /><span>and Co concentrations were higher in the roots. The bioaccumulation and translocation factors<br /><span>of most heavy metals were greater than unity indicating high potential of the study species for<br /><span>phytoremediation in polluted areas. Egyptian clover accumulated toxic concentrations of Fe, Pb,<br /><span>Ni, Zn, Cd, Cr and Co, which have adverse effects directly on livestock and indirectly on human<br /><span>health through its flow in the food chain. In order to use Egyptian clover as a forage crop, its<br /><span>cultivation should be avoided in polluted areas.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /><br class="Apple-interchange-newline" /></span>Gorgan University of Agricultural SciencesInternational Journal of Plant Production1735-681410320160701Integrative impacts of soil tillage on crop yield, N use efficiency and greenhouse gas emission in wheat-corn cropping system317333290010.22069/ijpp.2016.2900ENH. LatifmaneshInstitute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology & Ecology, Ministry of
Agriculture, Beijing 100081, ChinaC.Y. ZhengInstitute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology & Ecology, Ministry of
Agriculture, Beijing 100081, ChinaZ.W. SongInstitute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology & Ecology, Ministry of
Agriculture, Beijing 100081, ChinaA.X. DengInstitute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology & Ecology, Ministry of
Agriculture, Beijing 100081, ChinaJ.L. HuangDongping County Agricultural Bureau, Dongping County 271000, China.L. LiDongping County Agricultural Bureau, Dongping County 271000, China.Z.J. ChenDongping County Agricultural Bureau, Dongping County 271000, China.Y.T. ZhengDongping County Agricultural Bureau, Dongping County 271000, China.B.M. ZhangInstitute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology & Ecology, Ministry of
Agriculture, Beijing 100081, ChinaW.J. ZhangInstitute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology & Ecology, Ministry of
Agriculture, Beijing 100081, ChinaJournal Article20160522<span>Wheat-corn cropping system is one of the most important grain production systems in the<br /><span>world. However, the integrative impacts of soil tillage on crop yield, N use efficiency (NUE)<br /><span>and greenhouse gases (GHG<span>S<span>) emissions are not well documented in this system. Thus, a twoyear field experiment was carried out in a typical wheat-corn cropping system with four tillage<br /><span>regimes during the wheat season, including no-tillage (NT), rotary tillage (RT), sub-soiling<br /><span>tillage (ST) and sub-soiling with rotary tillage (SRT) in a randomized block design with three<br /><span>replicates. No-tillage was conducted for all treatments during corn season. Over the two years,<br /><span>the highest yields of wheat, corn and annual were found in the SRT treatment, while the lowest<br /><span>annual yield was found in the NT treatment averagely. Two-year average annual yield in the<br /><span>SRT was 19643.9 kg ha<span>-1<span>, which was 4.8, 5.9 and 7.7% higher than that in the ST, RT and NT<br /><span>treatments, respectively (P<0.05). SRT also stimulated plant N uptake with a higher N harvest<br /><span>index and higher partial factor productivity (PFP) than those under the other tillage practices<br /><span>(P<0.05). Although SRT stimulated N<span>2<span>O emission in wheat season, it significantly reduced the<br /><span>emission in corn season compared with the NT (P<0.05). Thus, no significant differences in<br /><span>total GHG<span>S <span>emissions, area-scaled and yield-scaled global warming potential (GWP) were<br /><span>found among the tillage practices. Our results indicate that sub-soiling with rotary tillage might<br /><span>benefit crop production for high yield and N use efficiency with less GHG<span>S <span>emissions for<br /><span>wheat-corn cropping system in North China Plain.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /><br class="Apple-interchange-newline" /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>Gorgan University of Agricultural SciencesInternational Journal of Plant Production1735-681410320160701Influence of human urine combined with farm yard manure and chemical fertilizers on french bean and maize cropping sequence in lateritic soils of Karnataka, India335346290110.22069/ijpp.2016.2901ENG. SrideviDepartment of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, University of Agricultural Sciences, GKVK, Bengaluru-560 065.
bU. SurendranWater Management (Agriculture) Division, Centre for Water Resources DC.A. SrinivasamurthyDepartment of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, University of Agricultural Sciences, GKVK, Bengaluru-560 065.Journal Article20160522<span>The introduction of ecological sanitation (ECOSAN) toilets in villages near Bangalore has<br /><span>created opportunities for safer sanitation and recycling of human excreta, as fertilizers, in rural<br /><span>and peri-urban areas. Field experiments were conducted at the University farm on French beans<br /><span>and Maize as the test crops in succession for 2 consecutive years in the same field. Different<br /><span>treatment combinations tried include human urine, with and without gypsum, Farm yard manure<br /><span>(FYM), chemical fertilizers and control. The fertilizer value of human urine were assessed and<br /><span>supplied to the crops based on the nutrient content. The results revealed that yield of two crops<br /><span>were significantly highest in treatment receiving human urine + FYM followed by human urine<br /><span>alone. Generally the results showed that human urine performed well than the commercially<br /><span>available chemical fertilizers (urea) applied as a source of N for crops and does not pose any<br /><span>significant hygienic threats and leave any significant flavor in food products.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /><br class="Apple-interchange-newline" /></span>Gorgan University of Agricultural SciencesInternational Journal of Plant Production1735-681410320160701Study on factors influencing the adoption of drip irrigation by farmers in humid tropical Kerala, India347364290210.22069/ijpp.2016.2902ENK. Madhava ChandranWater Management (Agriculture) Division, Centre for Water Resources Development and Management, Kozhikode-673571,
Kerala, IndiaU. SurendranWater Management (Agriculture) Division, Centre for Water Resources Development and Management, Kozhikode-673571,
Kerala, IndiaJournal Article20160522<span>Adoption of drip irrigation in Kerala State of India is very low and potential exists to<br /><span>increase its adoption in the State. A field survey was conducted in two districts to determine the<br /><span>major factors influencing farmers’ adoption of drip irrigation and to draw conclusions that will<br /><span>help in developing policy and institutional interventions to encourage the adoption. The results<br /><span>indicated that adoption index of farmers is higher in Kozhikode, when compared with the<br /><span>Thrissur district. However, with respect to different crops, adoption index is not statistically<br /><span>significant. Socioeconomic characteristics such as age, education, experience, land holding size,<br /><span>etc. have a positive influence on drip irrigation adoption index by farmers. Farmers have<br /><span>realized yield improvement in the range of about 13% to 47% through drip irrigation, when<br /><span>compared to surface method of irrigation for arecanut, coconut and nutmeg. High productivity<br /><span>and income from cultivation of crops like coconut, arecanut and nutmeg have acted as an<br /><span>incentive to adopt the costly system of drip irrigation in the case of both Kozhikode and<br /><span>Thrissur farmers. The number of drip irrigation components and type of emitters indicated a<br /><span>significant and linear response for drip irrigation adoption. The reported constraints experienced<br /><span>by farmers include rainfall, clogging of drippers, high initial cost, inadequate subsidy, difficulty<br /><span>in getting subsidy, etc. This information will help to prioritize the factors that affect adoption<br /><span>decisions and provide insights for improving the crop and water productivity.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /><br class="Apple-interchange-newline" /></span>Gorgan University of Agricultural SciencesInternational Journal of Plant Production1735-681410320160701Modification of transient state analytical model under different saline groundwater depths, irrigation water salinities and deficit irrigation for quinoa365389290310.22069/ijpp.2016.2903ENR. TalebnejadIrrigation Department, Shiraz University, Shiraz, I.R of IranA.R. SepaskhahIrrigation Department, Shiraz University, Shiraz, I.R of IranJournal Article20160522<span>Salinization of soil is primarily caused by capillary rise from saline shallow groundwater or<br /><span>application of saline irrigation water. In this investigation, the transient state analytical model<br /><span>was modified to predict water uptake from saline shallow groundwater, actual crop<br /><span>evapotranspiration, soil water content, dry matter, seed yield and soil salinity under different<br /><span>saline groundwater depths, irrigation water salinities and deficit irrigation for quinoa.<br /><span>Considering the effect of salinity on soil saturated hydraulic conductivity and maximum root<br /><span>depth in presence of shallow saline groundwater, the model resulted in good agreement between<br /><span>the measured and predicted saline groundwater uptake, soil salinity increase at different<br /><span>groundwater depths (300-800 mm) and water salinity (10-40 dS m<span>-1<span>). Therefore, the modified<br /><span>model is applicable for quinoa yield and soil salinity prediction and it could be a valuable tool<br /><span>for soil salinity management in presence of shallow saline groundwater. Furthermore, prediction<br /><span>of quinoa yield by the modified model can be used for better irrigation water salinity<br /><span>management under different saline groundwater depths, irrigation water salinities and deficit<br /><span>irrigation.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /><br class="Apple-interchange-newline" /></span></span></span>Gorgan University of Agricultural SciencesInternational Journal of Plant Production1735-681410320160701Crop management effect on chemical and biological properties of soil391401290410.22069/ijpp.2016.2904ENA. WoźniakDepartment of Herbology and Plant Cultivation Techniques, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Poland.
bM. Kawecka-RadomskaInstitute of Soil Science, Environment Engineering and Management, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, PolandJournal Article20160522<span>This study was aimed at evaluating the effect of crop rotation and various tillage systems on<br /><span>the chemical and biological properties of soil in the years 2013-2015. The first order factor<br /><span>included cropping systems: a) crop rotation (pea – winter wheat – spring wheat) and b)<br /><span>monoculture of winter wheat, whereas the second order factor were tillage systems:<br /><span>1) conventional (CT), 2) reduced (RT) and 3) No-tillage (NT). In the autumn season, in the CT<br /><span>system, shallow ploughing (at the depth of 10–12 cm) and pre-winter ploughing (25–30 cm)<br /><span>were applied for pea and spring wheat crops, whereas shallow ploughing and pre-sow ploughing<br /><span>(20–22 cm) were applied for winter wheat crop; in the RT system, only a cultivator was applied<br /><span>for spring wheat and pea crops as well as a cultivator and a tillage set for winter wheat; in the<br /><span>NT system glyphosate was applied on all plots as well as a cultivator and a tillage set were used<br /><span>before winter wheat sowing. The study demonstrated that the soil sampled from plots with crop<br /><span>rotation contained more organic C and available forms of P, K and Mg and that it was<br /><span>characterized by a higher activity of dehydrogenase, phosphatase and urease than the soil<br /><span>sampled from monoculture. In addition, it was characterized by a higher number of earthworms<br /><span>than the soil from monoculture. The RT and NT systems affected an increase in the contents of<br /><span>organic C and total N and in the enzymatic activity of soil, compared to the CT system.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /><br class="Apple-interchange-newline" /></span>Gorgan University of Agricultural SciencesInternational Journal of Plant Production1735-681410320160701How energy and water availability constrain vegetation water-use along the North Australian Tropical Transect403423290510.22069/ijpp.2016.2905ENW. ZhuangKey Laboratory of Water Cycle & Related Land Surface Processes, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources
Research, Chinese Academy ofScience, Beijing 100101, China.L. ChengWater for a Healthy Country Flagship, CSIRO Land and Water, Canberra, ACT, Australia.R. WhitleyDepartment of Biology, Macquarie University, NSW 2109, Australia.H. ShiSchool of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, P.O. Box 123, Broadway, NSW, 2007, Australia.J. BeringerSchool of Earth and Environment, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia.Y. WangCSIRO Ocean and Atmosphere Flagship, Private Bag 1, Aspendale, Victoria 3195, Australia.L. HeNational Meteorological Center, Beijing 100081, ChinaJ. CleverlyeSchool of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, P.O. Box 123, Broadway, NSW, 2007, AustraliaD. EamusSchool of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, P.O. Box 123, Broadway, NSW, 2007, Australia.Q. YuKey Laboratory of Water Cycle & Related Land Surface Processes, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources
Research, Chinese Academy ofScience, Beijing 100101, ChinaJournal Article20160522<span>Energy and water availability were identified as the first order controls of evapotranspiration<br /><span>(ET) in ecohyrodrology. With a ~1,000 km precipitation gradient and distinct wet-dry climate,<br /><span>the North Australian Tropical Transect (NATT) was well suited for evaluating how energy and<br /><span>water availabilities constrain water use by vegetation, but has not been done yet. In this study,<br /><span>we addressed this question using Budyko framework that quantifies the evapotranspiration as a<br /><span>function of energy-limited rate and precipitation. Path analysis was adopted to evaluate the<br /><span>dependencies of water and carbon fluxes on ecohydrological variables. Results showed that the<br /><span>major drivers of water and carbon fluxes varied between wet and dry savannas: down-welling<br /><span>solar radiation was the primary driver of the wet season ET in mesic savanna ecosystems, while<br /><span>soil water availability was the primary driver in inland dryland ecosystems. Vegetation can<br /><span>significantly regulate water and carbon fluxes of savanna ecosystems, as supported by the<br /><span>strong link of LAI with ET and GPP from path analysis. Vegetation structure (i.e. the tree:grass<br /><span>ratio) at each site can regulate the impact of climatic constraint on ET and GPP. Sites with a low<br /><span>tree:grass ratio had ET and GPP that exceeded sites with high a tree:grass ratio when the grassy<br /><span>understory was active. Identifying the relative importance of these climate drivers and<br /><span>vegetation structure on seasonal patterns of water use by these ecosystems will help us decide<br /><span>our priorities when improving the estimates of ET and GPP.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /><br class="Apple-interchange-newline" /></span>