eng
Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences
International Journal of Plant Production
1735-6814
1735-8043
2017-04-01
11
2
209
224
10.22069/ijpp.2017.3419
3419
Responses of root growth and distribution of maize to nitrogen application patterns under partial root-zone irrigation
D. Qi
1
Tiantian Hu
hutiant@nwsuaf.edu.cn
2
X. Niu
3
College of Water Resources and Architectural Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, P.R. China.
College of Water Resources and Architectural Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, P.R. China.
Key Laboratory for Crop Water Requirement and Its Regulation, Ministry of Agriculture, Farmland Irrigation Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xinxiang 453002, China.
A field experiment was carried out to investigate the effects of varying nitrogen (N) supply andirrigation methods on the root growth and distribution of maize (Zea mays L.) in Wuwei,northwest China in 2011 and 2012. The irrigation treatments included alternate furrow irrigation(AI), fixed furrow irrigation (FI) and conventional furrow irrigation (CI). The N supply treatmentsincluded alternate N supply (AN), fixed N supply (FN) and conventional N supply (CN), wereapplied at each irrigation method. The root growth across the plant row was measured in 0-100 cmsoil profile (20 cm as an interval) at maturity. The results showed that root distribution of twosides of the row was uniform for AI or CI coupled with CN or AN. Root length density (RLD) in0-40 cm soil depth was significantly increased by AI compared to other irrigation methods whiledecreased by FN compared to other N supply treatments. Though RLD decreased more with soillayer deepening under AI, RLD in 60-100 cm soil depth in AI treatment was still larger than thatin CI and FI treatments. In general, total fine root (diametersurface area, and grain yield of maize were significantly increased by AI coupled with CN or ANwhen compared to other treatments. These results indicate that alternate partial root zone irrigationcoupled with conventional or alternate nitrogen supply is useful to improve the root growth andgrain yield of maize in the arid area.
https://ijpp.gau.ac.ir/article_3419_da3a13592fe9715a18d4a5ec7afc0645.pdf
Root volume
Root distribution
Nitrogen supply method
Irrigation method
Zea mays
eng
Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences
International Journal of Plant Production
1735-6814
1735-8043
2017-04-01
11
2
225
239
10.22069/ijpp.2017.3421
3421
Hybrid sunflower seed yield, composition and deterioration after chemical desiccation
C.L. Szemruch
cyntiasz@yahoo.com.ar
1
M.A. Cantamutto
2
F.A. García
3
M. Aguirre
4
S.J. Renteria
5
D.P. Rondanini
6
Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional de Lomas de Zamora, Ruta 4 Km 2, Llavallol (1836), Buenos Aires, Argentina
Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional de Lomas de Zamora, Ruta 4 Km 2, Llavallol (1836), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional de Lomas de Zamora, Ruta 4 Km 2, Llavallol (1836), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional de Lomas de Zamora, Ruta 4 Km 2, Llavallol (1836), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
Advanta Semillas, Ruta 33 Km 636 (2600), Venado Tuerto, Argentina.
Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional de Lomas de Zamora, Ruta 4 Km 2, Llavallol (1836), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
The impact of chemical desiccation on yield showed contrasting results depending on seedmoisture content at the time of application. Its effects on seed deterioration are still unknownand could be modified by seed composition. Objectives were to evaluate the impact of chemicaldesiccation on: i) hybrid sunflower seed yield and composition at harvest time, ii) seeddeterioration during long-term storage and iii) the relationship between seeds deterioration andoil or oleic acid content. Six hybrids including low, mid and high oleic were evaluated in threeexperiments. Two treatments were applied on female lines at 27-30% seed moisture:(i) spraying with Paraquat and (ii) detaching heads with a knife. Control remained in the fielduntil 10% seed moisture. Seeds were stored during 19 months under room and cold chamberconditions. Yield, number of seeds and hybrid seed composition (thousand seed weight, kernelpercentage, oil and acid oleic content) were determined. Seed deterioration during storage wasanalyzed by germination and vigour. Paraquat advanced harvest by 35-43 days, withoutaffecting yield or seed composition. During storage the germination of Paraquat treatmentsremained above that of control, without differences between storage conditions, while vigourremained above control only in cold chamber, for low oleic hybrids. Associations betweendeterioration (germination and vigour) and oil or oleic acid content, were not significant.Desiccation with Paraquat allows advanced harvest without yield losses or modifications in seedcomposition. The deterioration of desiccated seeds was lower and independent from oil andoleic acid content.
https://ijpp.gau.ac.ir/article_3421_a6eeeb292b1ef033e6adaa81b9226258.pdf
Sunflower
Chemical desiccation
Seed productivity
seed deterioration
eng
Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences
International Journal of Plant Production
1735-6814
1735-8043
2017-04-01
11
2
241
258
10.22069/ijpp.2017.3422
3422
Effect of water stress and plant density on canopy temperature, yield components and protein concentration of red bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L. cv. Akhtar)
M. Asemanrafat
1
Tooraj Honar
toorajhonar@yahoo.com
2
Irrigation Department, Shiraz University, Shiraz, I.R. of Iran.
Irrigation Department, Shiraz University, Shiraz, I.R. of Iran.
In order to study the effects of different irrigation regimes and plant density on yieldcomponent and protein concentration and crop water stress index (CWSI), under research fieldconditions a split plot arrangement was conducted in completely randomized block designduring two years. The first factor of variables was the effects of 4 irrigation levels 120% (I1),100% (I2), 80% (I3) and 60% (I4) of Standard evapotranspiration and the second factor was thespacing of 5 cm (D1), 10 cm (D2) and 15 cm (D3) between plants within a row. Results indicatethat the number of pods in each plant and the grains in each pod decreased when densityincreased, but the hundred-grains-weight and the height of bean plants increased. Whenirrigation increased, various increases were observed in the yield, the number of pods in eachplant, the grains in each pod, the hundred-grains-weight and the height of bean plants, but thegrain protein decreased. Protein concentration increased with more severe water deficit in thesoil. The protein concentration directly correlated with total irrigation water during the growingseason (TI) and the exponential equation P=33* e -4E-04TI can be used for protein concentrationprediction. The effect of the irrigation water was significant and CWSI increased with increasedsoil water deficit. The effect of the density for CWSI was not significant. Grain yield (GY)directly correlated with CWSI and the exponential equation, GY=696.2(CWSI)-0.51 can be usedfor the prediction of grain yield. The CWSI value is useful for evaluating crop water stress inbeans and thus it could be useful in timing the irrigation. Results of this research indicate thatyield components such as height of bean plant, the number of pods in each plant and the numberof grains in each pod were significantly different by applying the different irrigation strategies atthe three different lengths of plant spacing within a row.
https://ijpp.gau.ac.ir/article_3422_0d446728ed618e490a6559641c6fd864.pdf
Bean
Density
Standard evapotranspiration
Crop water stress index
Yield component
Protein content
eng
Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences
International Journal of Plant Production
1735-6814
1735-8043
2017-04-01
11
2
259
274
10.22069/ijpp.2017.3423
3423
Microorganisms (AMF and PSB) interaction on linseed productivity under water-deficit condition
S. Rahimzadeh
1
A.R. Pirzad
a.pirzad@urmia.ac.ir
2
Ph.D. student, Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran.
Associate Professor, Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran.
The relationship between arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and their associated bacteriacan be has great importance for sustainable agriculture especially in the case of highlymycorrhizal plants such as linseed. To evaluate the possible effect of AMF in association withphosphate solubilizing bacteria (PSB) on linseed plants, a 2-yr factorial experiment wasconducted based on a randomized complete block design with three replications at UrmiaUniversity, Urmia, Iran (37° 39′ 24.82″ N 44° 58′ 12.42″ E). The treatments included two AMFspecies (Glomus mosseae, G. intraradices and non-mycorrhizal control), PSB (Pseudomonasputida P13 and non-inoculated control) and various irrigation regimes (irrigation after 60, 120and 180 mm of evaporation from Class A pan). A significant increase in mycorrhizal linseedplants yield indicated the effectiveness of the two AMF species more than bacterial inoculation.The cumulative (second year) soil spores were maximally observed in mycorrhizal (single AMFand dually inoculation) treatments. The reduction in bacterial population was found with anincrease in water deficit. Dual infections caused an increase in leaf P content more than the onein PSB and AMF inoculations. Drought stress-induced yield reduction in seed and in oil wassignificantly compensated by mycorrhizal symbiosis for all irrigation levels. We found over25% increase for seed yield and 30% for oil yield in mycorrhizal plants as well as co-inoculatedplants. The yields improvements in mycorrhizal treatments (single and dually inoculated)leading to the highest water use efficiency.
https://ijpp.gau.ac.ir/article_3423_e9ad61d6b2e95b66662271f42f739a77.pdf
Irrigation
Linseed
Mycorrhizae
Spore density
Water use efficiency
eng
Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences
International Journal of Plant Production
1735-6814
1735-8043
2017-04-01
11
2
276
284
10.22069/ijpp.2017.3424
3424
Effect of living mulches and conventional methods of weed control on weed occurrence and nutrient uptake in potato
Marek Kołodziejczyk
m.kolodziejczyk@ur.krakow.pl
1
J. Antonkiewicz
2
B. Kulig
3
Institute of Plant Production, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Poland.
Department of Agricultural and Environmental Chemistry, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Poland.
Institute of Plant Production, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Poland.
The aim of the study was to determine the biomass, abundance and species composition ofweeds, as well as macroelement uptake in potato weeded using mechanical, mechanical–chemical and mechanical control combined with the sowing of living mulches of white mustard,common vetch, Persian clover and tansy phacelia. Abundance and biomass of the weeds was themost effectively limited by the mechanical treatments. The effectiveness of mechanicaltreatments in weed biomass reduction was 2.5–fold lower. The mechanical treatments moreeffectively limited the number of monocotyledonous than dicotyledonous weeds. Livingmulches increased the efficiency of mechanical weeding by affecting both weed biomassdevelopment and weeds abundance. The living mulch that most effectively limited the growthof weed biomass was white mustard, while vetch was effective to reduce of the number ofmonocotyledonous weed and Persian clover for dicotyledonous weeds. The most frequentlyoccurring weed species were Galinsoga parviflora, Chenopodium album and Echinochloacrus-galli. The share of N accumulated in the biomass of neighboring plants constituted from5% to 34%, P from 6% to 38%, K from 5% to 36%, Ca from 27% to 190% and Mg from 12% to55% of the amount of these nutrients absorbed by potato plants. Mechanical treatments plusliving mulches, especially Persian clover, may be useful in organic cropping systems due totheir effectiveness at reducing weed abundance and biomass and relatively low nutrient uptakecompared with weeds.
https://ijpp.gau.ac.ir/article_3424_e69d66817514b0ab6d2ca0e1c0996e8e.pdf
Weed biomass and abundance
Floristic composition
N, P, K, Ca and Mg uptake
eng
Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences
International Journal of Plant Production
1735-6814
1735-8043
2017-04-01
11
2
287
294
10.22069/ijpp.2017.3425
3425
Cover crop effects on the fate of N in sweet maize (Zea mays L. saccharata Sturt.) production in a semiarid region
B. Janosevic
1
Z. Dolijanovic
dolijan@agrif.bg.ac.rs
2
V. Dragicevic
3
M. Simic
4
M. Dodevska
5
S. Djordjevic
6
Dj. Moravcevic
7
R. Miodragovic
8
University of Belgrade, Faculty of Agriculture, Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops, Nemanjina 6, 11080 Belgrade, Serbia.
University of Belgrade, Faculty of Agriculture, Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops, Nemanjina 6, 11080 Belgrade, Serbia.
Maize Research Institute, Slobodana Bajica 1, 11185, Belgrade, Serbia.
Maize Research Institute, Slobodana Bajica 1, 11185, Belgrade, Serbia.
Center for food analysis, d.o.o., Belgrade.
University of Belgrade, Faculty of Agriculture, Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops, Nemanjina 6, 11080 Belgrade, Serbia.
University of Belgrade, Faculty of Agriculture, Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops, Nemanjina 6, 11080 Belgrade, Serbia.
University of Belgrade, Faculty of Agriculture, Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops, Nemanjina 6, 11080 Belgrade, Serbia.
This research aimed to determine the effects of different cover crops and application ofbio-fertilizer on dynamic of nitrogen in the soil and sweet maize yield. Also, we evaluated theeffect of fall–winter species (common vetch, field pea, winter oats, fodder kale) and a mixtureof vetch and field pea with oats used as cover crops, as such as dead organic mulch andtraditional variant, without coverage on biomass, chlorophyll and protein content in leaves andgrain of main crop. Biomass production and N uptake by cover crops ranged from 4.25 to 90.20kg ha-1 and from 0.34 to 133.80 kg ha-1 N, respectively, depending on cover crop type. Atharvest soil nitrate content in treatments with cover crops was 50-90% lower than in the control,reducing spring N leaching risk. Residual mineral N significantly increased with application ofmicrobiological fertilizer. The chlorophyll content of the main crop was significantly lower intreatments without cover crops. Consequently, sweet maize yield was the highest in fodder kaleand field pea (7263.83 and 7177.27 kg ha-1) treatments, but the smallest in winter oat andcommon vetch (6802.47 and 6184.14 kg ha-1). In terms of all investigated traits, particularlygrain yield, cover crops and microbiological fertilizer expressed more efficiency in the dry year.It could be concluded that N content should be controlled effectively by sowing main crops afterplanting of cover crops in biological farming systems in a semiarid region.
https://ijpp.gau.ac.ir/article_3425_732d7d53652c01d1a0cb572089d042ab.pdf
Sweet maize
Cover crops
N fate
Microbiological fertilizer
Yield
eng
Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences
International Journal of Plant Production
1735-6814
1735-8043
2017-04-01
11
2
295
314
10.22069/ijpp.2017.3426
3426
A modified optimal stomatal conductance model under water-stressed condition
S. Ji
1
L. Tong
tongling2001@cau.edu.cn
2
S. Kang
3
F. Li
4
H. Lu
5
T. Du
6
S. Li
7
R. Ding
8
Center for Agricultural Water Research in China, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China.
Center for Agricultural Water Research in China, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China.
Center for Agricultural Water Research in China, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China.
College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530005, China.
Center for Agricultural Water Research in China, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China.
Center for Agricultural Water Research in China, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China.
Center for Agricultural Water Research in China, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China.
Center for Agricultural Water Research in China, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China.
Accurate estimation of leaf stomatal conductance (gs) is important in predicting carbon andwater cycles of terrestrial ecosystem. To estimate gs on field-grown soybean and maize underwater-stressed condition accurately, a modified optimal stomatal conductance (OSCM) modelwas established based on the relationship between marginal water cost of carbon gain and soilwater content by introducing a water stress factor (f(θv)). f(θv) had same form with that inJarvis and Ball-Berry-Leuning (BBL) models. The OSCM model was evaluated and comparedwith the original optimal stomatal conductance (OSC), Jarvis and BBL models by comparingobserved and estimated gs of three-year data on soybean and four-year data on maize in anarid region of northwest China. Results show that the OSCM and OSC models were moresteady and accurate than the Jarvis and BBL models for estimating gs on soybean and maize atthe different years. Moreover, the OSCM model performed better than the OSC modelbecause of considering the effect of water stress. Compared with the OSC, Jarvis and BBLmodels, the OSCM model improved the accuracy of estimating gs on soybean and maize onaverage by 7%, 25% and 35% and reduced the RMSE by 19%, 56% and 43%, respectively.As for estimating diurnal change of gs on soybean and maize under both well-watered andwater-stressed conditions, the OSCM model also performed better than the OSC, Jarvis andBBL models. Under water-stressed condition, only the OSCM model is recommended due toits high accuracy, conservative and accessible parameter, which can provide a more accurateand convenient tool in predicting water and carbon fluxes of terrestrial ecosystem in the aridarea.
https://ijpp.gau.ac.ir/article_3426_af7dff0ebf702fd510624e2b851b870a.pdf
Optimal stomatal regulation
Marginal water cost of carbon gain
Soil water content
Jarvis
BBL
eng
Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences
International Journal of Plant Production
1735-6814
1735-8043
2017-04-01
11
2
315
332
10.22069/ijpp.2017.3427
3427
Regionalization of dryland farming potential as influenced by droughts in western Iran
M. Nazari
1
F. Razzaghi
razzaghi@shirazu.ac.ir
2
D. Khalili
3
A.A. Kamgar-Haghighi
4
S.M. Tahami Zarandi
5
Graduated Master Student, Water Engineering Department, College of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Iran (Postal code: 7144165186).
Assistant Professor, Water Engineering Department, College of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran (Postal code: 7144165186).
Professor, Water Engineering Department, College of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran (Postal code: 7144165186).
Professor, Water Engineering Department, College of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran (Postal code: 7144165186).
Graduated Master Student, Water Engineering Department, College of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Iran (Postal code: 7144165186).
Clustering was used to divide dryland farming areas in western Iran into homogeneoussub-regions to identify dryland farming potential, considering drought impacts. Clusteringutilized eight algorithms/four indices to detect optimal number of clusters. Ward’s algorithmvalidated by Silhouette index, produced the best result by detecting 7 dryland farming clusters.Based on similar P/ETo values, four sub-regions were recognized among 7 clusters.Northwestern sub-region was ranked first, followed by central, northeastern and southernsub-regions. Drought impact analysis led to 6 optimal clusters by Ward’s algorithm, validatedby Silhouette index. Ranking criteria utilized drought characteristics, obtained from 3- to 12-months SPI analysis. Northwestern sub-region and parts of central sub-region, with respectivelyfirst and second rankings for dryland farming, are also least affected by droughts. Areas incentral sub-region with good dryland farming potential can be strongly impacted by droughts.Northeastern and southern sub-regions respectively ranked third and fourth for dryland farming,were severely affected by droughts. In conclusion, areas with highest dryland farming potentialwere impacted minimally by drought, while areas with lowest potential were strongly affectedby droughts. However, sub-regions with good dryland farming potential were be severelyinfluenced by drought. Therefore, drought analysis should be considered for dryland farmingmanagement.
https://ijpp.gau.ac.ir/article_3427_de18d43a90a50d166353cf5b43b9c57b.pdf
Dryland Farming
Drought Events
Drought Indices
Clustering Analysis
eng
Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences
International Journal of Plant Production
1735-6814
1735-8043
2017-04-01
11
2
333
348
10.22069/ijpp.2017.3428
3428
Comparing canopy temperature and leaf water potential as irrigation scheduling criteria of potato in water-saving irrigation strategies
Seyed Hamid Ahmadi
seyedhamid.ahmadi@gmail.com
1
M. Agharezaee
2
A.A. Kamgar-Haghighi
3
A.R. Sepaskhah
sepas@shimzu.ac.ir
4
Irrigation Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Shiraz University
Irrigation Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Shiraz University
Irrigation Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Shiraz University
Irrigation Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Shiraz University
Irrigation scheduling is important in irrigation water management. In this study, full (FI),deficit (DI) and partial root drying (PRD) irrigation strategies were applied in Agria and Ramospotato cultivars. Canopy temperature (CT) and leaf water potential (LWP) were assessed as thepotential tools for irrigation scheduling during the vegetative and productive growth stages.LWP varied between ca. -1.4 and -1.6 MPa and was not significantly different between FI, DIand PRD irrigation treatments. The LWP and CT values were not significant between the twopotato cultivars during the measurements, but CT was frequently significant between theirrigation treatments such that the PRD treatments were significantly 5 and 2 oC warmer than FIand DI treatments, respectively. Higher CT in PRD caused significant yield penalty such that DIand FI produced almost two times higher fresh tuber yield. Analysis revealed that CT hadsignificantly higher correlation (r=0.66) with water productivity (weight of fresh tuber yielddivided by volume of applied irrigation water) than LWP, which its correlation was notsignificant (r=0.40). This showed that crop water productivity could be better controlled by CT.Moreover, it was realized that the seven-day irrigation interval was far longer than required andpotatoes in all irrigation treatments were under water stress, especially in PRD, that mightpartially explain the 50% yield penalty of PRD compared to DI. The reason was that due to highatmospheric demand, soil water in the wet part of the root system would be completely depletedearlier by the time of next irrigation event. Conclusively, the CT is recommended as a morereliable crop water status and irrigation scheduling indicator than LWP in response to differentwater-saving irrigation managements.
https://ijpp.gau.ac.ir/article_3428_a75adad0926124dc9209ef4f760d9d66.pdf
Deficit irrigation
Partial root drying irrigation
Canopy temperature
Leaf water potential
Potato cultivars